Pangasinan language
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{{language |name=Pangasinán |familycolor=Austronesian |states=Philippines |region=Central Luzon |speakers=1.3 million |fam2=Malayo-Polynesian |fam3=Borneo-Philippines |fam4=Northern Luzon |fam5=South Cordilleran |iso2=pag|iso3=pag}}
Pangasinán is a language of the Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian family of languages spoken by more than two million people in Pangasinan, other Pangasinan communities in the Philippines, and by a significant number of Pangasinan immigrants in the United States; it is the primary language in Pangasinan, a province or region of the Philippines.
The Pangasinan language is one of the twelve major languages in the Philippines. It is the dominant language in central Pangasinan. The total population of the province of Pangasinan is 2,434,086 (National Statistics Office: 2000 Census). The estimated population of the native speakers of the Pangasinan language is about 55 percent of the total population of the province of Pangasinan.
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History
Etymology of Pangasinan
- Pangasinan, the etymology is Pangasinan, meaning "place of salt" or "place of salt production", and is derived from the root word asin, the Pangasinan word for "salt".
- pangasinan means "container of salt or salted products"; it refers to the ceramic jar for storage of salt or salted-products or its contents.
- Pangasinense, the hispanicized name of Pangasinan.
- Pangalatok, also means Pangasinan; it is a slang term for Pangasinan of doubtful etymology mistakenly used by non-Pangasinans to refer to the Pangasinan language or its native speakers.
Austronesian Language
Austronesian language speakers settled Southeast Asia, South China, Philippines, Taiwan, and Japan at least 5,000 years ago. The people of Pangasinan are descended from these settlers.
Pangasinan Script
Pangasinan had a writing system before the Spanish conquest. The Pangasinan ancient script, related to the ancient Javanese script of Indonesia, was probably adapted from or influenced by the Brahmi and Tamil scripts of India, but probably originated from the Sumerian cuneiform of the ancient city of Sumer in Mesopotamia where the first known evidence of writing was found.
Introduction of Roman Script and Alphabet
The Roman Latin script and alphabet were introduced during the Spanish period. Pangasinan literature, using the Roman Latin script, continued to flourish during the Spanish and American period. Pangasinan acquired many Spanish and English words, and some of their native words were hispanicized or anglicized. However, not many of the literature written in the old Pangasinan script has survived.
Pangasinan Literature
Many books about Pangasinan or written in Pangasinan are out-of-print or of limited availability. Today, not many new books, newspapers or magazines are being published in Pangasinan. However, many Christian publications in Pangasinan are widely available. Most Pangasinans are multilingual, knowing Tagalog, the national language of the Philippines, English, an international language, and Ilokano, a neighboring language, in addition to their indigenous language. However, the spread and influence of the other languages is contributing to the decline of the Pangasinan language.
Classification and Related Languages
Pangasinan: An Austronesian Language
The Pangasinan language is a Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian family of languages. Pangasinan is similar to the Malayo-Polynesian languages, like Tagalog and Ilocano spoken in the Philippines, Bahasa Indonesia in Indonesia, Malay in Malaysia, and Malagasy in Madagascar. The Pangasinan language is closely related to the Nibaloi or Ibaloy language spoken in the neighboring province of Benguet. Pangasinan is an agglutinative language. Linguistic studies suggest some Pangasinan word correspondences with the ancient Sumerian language, which is also an agglutinative language.
Geographic Distribution
Pangasinan Speakers
The Pangasinan language is the primary language in the province or region of Pangasinan in the Philippines, which is located in the west coast of the island of Luzon off Lingayen Gulf. It is the dominant language in central Pangasinan. The total population of the province of Pangasinan is 2,343,086 (National Statistics Office: 2000 Census). The estimated population of indigenous speakers of the Pangasinan language is about 55 percent of the total population of the province of Pangasinan.
Sounds
Features
Grammar
Pronouns
| Absolutive Independent | Absolutive Enclitic | Ergative | Oblique | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person singular | siák | ak | -k(o) | ed siak |
| 1st person dual | sikatá | ita, ta | -ta | ed sikata |
| 2nd person singular | siká | ka | -m(o) | ed sika |
| 3rd person singular | sikató | - , -a | to | ed sikato |
| 1st person plural inclusive | sikatayó | itayo, tayo | -tayo | ed sikatayo |
| 1st person plural exclusive | sikamí | kamí | mi | ed sikami |
| 2nd person plural | sikayó | kayó | yo | ed sikayo |
| 3rd person plural | sikara | ira, ra | da | ed sikara |
Numbers
The following lists the numbers from one to ten in English, Tagalog, and Pangasinan.
| English | Tagalog | Pangasinan |
|---|---|---|
| one | isa | sakey, isa |
| two | dalawa | duara, dua |
| three | tatlo | talora, talo |
| four | apat | apatira, apat |
| five | lima | limara, lima |
| six | anim | anemira, anem |
| seven | pito | pitora, pito |
| eight | walo | walora, walo |
| nine | siyam | siamira, siam |
| ten | sampu | samplura, samplu |
Vocabulary
Writing System
Swadesh list in English and Pangasinan
Below is the Swadesh list of 207 words in the English language and the Pangasinan language. For a Swadesh list in other languages use this link: Wiktionary:Swadesh list.
English - Pangasinan
- I - siak, ak
- you (singular) - sika, ka
- he - sikato (he/she), to
- we - sikami, kami, mi, sikatayo, tayo, sikata, ta
- you (plural) - sikayo, kayo, yo
- they - sikara, ra
- this - aya
- that - atan
- here - dia
- there - diman, ditan
- who - siopa, opa
- what - anto
- where - iner
- when - kapigan, pigan
- how - pano, panon
- not - ag, andi, aleg, aliwa
- all - amin
- many - amayamay, dakel
- some - pigara
- few - daiset
- other - arom
- one - isa, sakey
- two - dua, duara
- three - talo, talora
- four - apat, apatira
- five - lima, limara
- big - baleg
- long - andokey
- wide - maawang, malapar
- thick - makapal
- heavy - ambelat
- small - melag, melanting, tingot, daiset
- short - melag, melanting, tingot, antikey, kulang, abeba
- narrow - mainget
- thin - mabeng
- woman - bii
- man (adult male) - laki, bolog
- man (human being) - too
- child - ogaw
- wife - asawa, kaamong, akolaw
- husband - asawa, kaamong, masiken
- mother - ina
- father - ama
- animal - ayep
- fish - sira
- bird - manok, siwsiw
- dog - aso
- louse - kuto
- snake - oleg
- worm - biges, alumbayar
- tree - kiew, tanem
- forest - kakiewan, katakelan
- stick - bislak, sanga
- fruit - bunga
- seed - bokel
- leaf - bulong
- root - lamot
- bark - obak
- flower - bulaklak
- grass - dika
- rope - singer, lubir
- skin - baog, katat
- meat - laman
- blood - dala
- bone - pokel
- fat (n.) - mataba, taba
- egg - iknol
- horn - saklor
- tail - ikol
- feather - bago
- hair - buek
- head - ulo
- ear - layag
- eye - mata
- nose - eleng
- mouth - sangi
- tooth - ngipen
- tongue - dila
- fingernail - kuko
- foot - sali
- leg - bikking
- knee - pueg
- hand - lima
- wing - payak
- belly - eges
- guts - pait
- neck - beklew
- back - beneg
- breast - pagew, suso
- heart - puso
- liver - altey
- drink - inom
- eat - mangan, akan, kamot
- bite - ketket
- suck - supsup, suso
- spit - lutda
- vomit - uta
- blow - sibok
- breathe - engas, ingas, dongap, linawa
- laugh - elek
- see - nengneng
- hear - dengel
- know - amta, kabat
- think - isip, nonot
- smell - angob, amoy
- fear - takot
- sleep - ogip
- live - bilay
- die - onpatey, patey
- kill - manpatey, patey
- fight - laban, kolkol, bakal
- hunt - managnop, anop, manpana, pana, manpaltog, paltog
- hit - tira, nakna, pekpek
- cut - tegteg, sugat
- split - pisag, puter
- stab - saksak, doyok
- scratch - gugo, gorgor
- dig - kotkot
- swim - langoy
- fly (v.) - tekyab
- walk - akar
- come - gala, gali, onsabi, sabi
- lie - dokol (lie down), tila (tell a lie)
- sit - yorong
- stand - alagey
- turn - liko, telek
- fall - pelag
- give - iter, itdan
- hold - benben
- squeeze - pespes
- rub - kuskos, gorgor
- wash - oras
- wipe - punas
- pull - goyor
- push - tolak
- throw - topak
- tie - singer
- sew - dait
- count - bilang
- say - ibaga
- sing - togtog
- play - galaw
- float - letaw
- flow - agos
- freeze - kigtel
- swell - larag
- sun - agew, banua, ugto
- moon - bulan
- star - bitewen
- water - danum
- rain - uran
- river - ilog, kalayan
- lake - ilog, look
- sea - dayat
- salt - asin
- stone - bato
- sand - buer
- dust - dabok
- earth - dalin
- cloud - lorem
- fog - kelpa
- sky - tawen
- wind - dagem
- snow - linew
- ice - pakigtel
- smoke - asiwek, asewek
- fire - apoy, pool, dalang, sinit
- ashes - dapol
- burn - pool
- road - dalan, basbas
- mountain - palandey
- red - ambalanga
- green - ampasiseng, pasiseng, maeta, eta
- yellow - duyaw
- white - amputi, puti
- black - andeket, deket
- night - labi
- day - agew
- year - taon
- warm - ampetang, petang
- cold - ambetel, betel
- full - naksel, napno
- new - balo
- old - daan
- good - duga, maong, abig
- bad - aliwa, mauges
- rotten - abolok, bolok
- dirty - maringot, dingot, marutak, dutak
- straight - maptek, petek
- round - malimpek, limpek
- sharp - matdem, tarem
- dull - mangmang, epel
- smooth - patad
- wet - ambasa, basa
- dry - amaga, maga
- correct - duga, tua
- near - asinger, abay
- far - arawi, biek (taew)
- right - kawanan
- left - kawigi
- at - ed
- in - ed
- with - iba
- and - tan
- if - no
- because - ta, lapu ed
- name - ngaran
See also
- Pangasinan
- Languages of the Philippines
- Tagalog language
- Filipino
- Ilokano language
- Cebuano language
- Kapampangan language
- Chabacano
- Malayo-Polynesian
- Sumerian
- Swadesh list
External Links
- Ethnologue Report for Pangasinan
- Basic description of Pangasinan language history and grammarilo:Pagsasao a Pangasinense
Dictionaries and Publications
The following is a list of some dictionaries and publications:
Lorenzo Fernandez Cosgaya. Diccionario Pangasinan-Espanol and Vocabulario Hispano-Pangasinan (Colegio de Santo Tomas, 1865). This is available in the Internet at the University of Michigan's Humanities Text Initiative.
Anastacio Austria Macaraeg. Vocabulario Castellano-Pangasinan (1898).
Mariano Pellicer. Arte de la Lengua Pangasinan o Caboloan (1904).
Felixberto B. Viray. The Sounds and Sound Symbols of the Pangasinan Language (1927).
Paciencia E. Versoza. Stress and Intonation Difficulties of Pangasinan Learners of English (1961).
Paul Morris Schachter. A Contrastive Analysis of English and Pangasinan (1968).
Richard A. Benton. Pangasinan Dictionary (University of Hawaii Press, 1971).
Richard A. Benton. Pangasinan Reference Grammar (University of Hawaii Press, 1971).
Richard A. Benton. Spoken Pangasinan (University of Hawaii Press, 1971).
Richard A. Benton. Phonotactics of Pangasinan (1972).
Ernesto Constantino. English-Pangasinan Dictionary (1975).
Julio F. Silverio. New English-Pilipino-Pangasinan Dictionary (1976).
Alta Grace Q. Garcia. Morphological Analysis of English and Pangasinan Verbs (1981).
Mario "Guese" Tungol. Modern English-Filipino Dictionary (Merriam Webster, 1993.
Philipine Bible Society. Say Santa Biblia (Philipine Bible Society, 1982).
Philippine Bible Society. Maung A Balita Para Sayan Panaon Tayo (Philippine Bible Society and United Bible Societies, 1983).
Corporacion de PP. Dominicos. Pasion Na Cataoan Tin JesuChristo (U.S.T. Press, 1951).
Church of Christ. Say Cancanta (Church of Christ, n.d.). Translations of English songs like "Joy to the World," and "What A Friend We Have in Jesus" are included.
A favorite traditional song of Pangasinan is Malinac Lay Labi (from Pangasinan: "Calm is the Night"). An English translation of this song can be found in the Internet along with some Pangasinan poems and literature.