Regent

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For other uses, see Regent (disambiguation).

A regent, from the Latin regens "who reigns" is anyone who acts as head of state, especially if not the monarch (who has higher titles). Thus, the common use is for an acting deputy governor. In a monarchy, a regent usually rules due to the actual monarch's absence, incapacity or minority, and may also be elected to rule during the sede vacante when the royal line has died out. This was the case in Finland and Hungary, where the royal line was considered extinct in the aftermath of World War I. In Iceland, the regent represented the King of Denmark as sovereign of Iceland until the country became a republic in 1944.

In San Marino, an ancient independent miniature republic surrounded within Italy, the "Captains Regent", or Capitani Reggenti, are two officials elected annually as joint heads of state and of government.

In the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569-1795), kings were elective, which often led to a fairly long interregnum. In the interim, it was the Polish Roman Catholic Primate who served as the regent, termed the "interrex" (Latin: ruler "between kings," as in ancient Rome).

Contents 1 Regents in various Monarchies 1.1 Belgium 1.2 Bulgaria 1.3 China 1.4 Egypt 1.5 England 1.6 Finland 1.7 France 1.8 Greece 1.9 Hungary 1.10 Iceland 1.11 Japan 1.12 Korea 1.13 Liechtenstein 1.14 Monaco 1.15 Netherlands 1.16 Norway 1.17 Scotland 1.18 Spain 1.19 Sweden 1.20 United Kingdom 2 Other uses 3 See also

Regents in various Monarchies

It should be noted that those who held a regency briefly, for example during surgery, are not necessarily listed, particularly if they performed no official acts; this list is also not complete. The list includes some figures who acted as regent, even if they did not themselves hold the title of regent.

Belgium

• Prince Charles of Belgium, regent of Belgium from 1944 to 1950

Bulgaria

• Prince Kyril de Preslav, during the minority of his dead brother (Boris III)'s son, Simeon II.

China

• See Empress dowager and Grand Empress Dowager
• 2nd Prince Chun between 1908 and 1911 for his son Emperor Xuantong (aka Puyi)

Egypt

• Hatshepsut of Egypt for Thutmose III of Egypt
• Mohammed Ali Tewfik for King Farouk I of Egypt
• Prince Muhammad Abdul Moneim for King Fuad II of Egypt

England

• William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke (1216-1219), during the minority of King Henry III
• John, Duke of Bedford and Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester (1422-1435), during the minority of their nephew, Henry VI
• Richard, Duke of Gloucester (1483), during the minority of his nephew, Edward V
• Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset (1547-1550), during the minority of his nephew, Edward VI
• John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland (1550-1553), during the minority of Edward VI

Finland

After the abdication of Nicholas II of Russia, the throne of the Grand Duke of Finland was vacant and according to the constitution of 1772, a regent was installed by the Finnish Parliament during the first two years of Finnish independence, before the country was declared a republic.

• Pehr Evind Svinhufvud, installed in January 1918, resigned in late 1918.
• General C.G.E. Mannerheim, resigned 1919 with the passing of the new constitution.

France

• Anne of Kiev and Baldwin V, Count of Flanders, during the minority of her son and his nephew Philip I, 1060-1067
• Blanche of Castile (1226-1234, 1248-1252), during the minority of her son Louis IX and during his time on crusade
• Louis I, Duke of Anjou (1380-1382), during the minority of his nephew Charles VI
• Jean, Duke of Berry, Philippe II, Duke of Burgundy, and Louis II, Duke of Bourbon (1382-1388), during the minority of their nephew, Charles VI
• Anne of France (1483-1491), during the minority of her brother, Charles VIII
• Louise of Savoy (1525-1526), during the captivity of her son, Francis I
• Catherine de' Medici:
  • While her husband Henry II left the kingdom for the campaign of Metz.
  • (1560-1563) During the minority of her second son, Charles IX of France
• Marie de' Medici (1610-1614), during the minority of her son, Louis XIII
• Anne of Austria (1643-1651), during the minority of Louis XIV
• Philippe II of Orléans (1715-1723), during the minority of Louis XV; often called "the Regent", since he was the last regent of France. **The related era and style are commonly referred to as the Régence (analogous to the British Regency period).
  • A 136 carat (27.2 g) diamond he acquired in 1717 is known as 'le régent'
• Louis-Stanislas-Xavier, Comte de Provencce, while living in exile, self-declared Regent for his nephew Louis XVII of France after the 1793 guillotining of King Louis XVI, until the young pretender's death in 1795.
• Empress Eugenie, three times for her husband, Napoleon III, during his absence.

Greece

• Archbishop Damaskinos

Hungary

• John Hunyadi
• Lajos Kossuth
• Miklós Horthy (1920-1944), during the period of the restored Hungarian monarchy, when there was no king.

Iceland

• Sveinn Björnsson

Japan

• Fujiwara Regents as Kanpaku or Sessho
• Hojo Regents as Shikken, regents of the Kamakura shogunate
• Prince Regent Hirohito or Showa Tenno, for his father Taisho Tenno
• Prince Regent Naruhito, for his father Emperor Akihito

Korea

• Daewon-gun, Lord Regent for his son King Gojong of Joseon

Liechtenstein

• Hereditary Prince Alois has been Regent since August 15, 2004.

Monaco

• Prince Albert was Regent from March 31, 2005 to April 6, 2005, when he succeeded his father as Albert II of Monaco

Netherlands

• Queen Emma (1890-1898), during the minority of her daughter Wilhelmina of the Netherlands

Norway

• King Magnus Eriksson after stepping down from the throne in favour of his son Haakon Magnusson
• Crown Prince Haakon, during the illness of his father King Harald

Scotland

• Robert Stewart, 1st Duke of Albany (1406-1420), during the minority and captivity of his nephew James I
• Murdoch Stewart, 2nd Duke of Albany (1420-1424), during the captivity of his cousin James I
• Archibald Douglas, 5th Earl of Douglas (1437-1439), during the minority of James II
• William Crichton, 1st Lord Crichton and Sir Alexander Livingston (1439-1445), during the minority of James II
• William Douglas, 8th Earl of Douglas (1445-1449), during the minority of James II
• Mary of Gueldres (1460-1463), during the minority of her son, James III
• James Kennedy and Gilbert Kennedy, 1st Lord Kennedy (1463-1466), during the minority of James III
• Robert Boyd, 1st Lord Boyd (1466-1469), during the minority of James III.
• Margaret Tudor (1513-1514), during the minority of her son, James V
• John Stewart, 2nd Duke of Albany (1514-1524), during the minority of his cousin, James V
• Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus and Archbishop James Beaton (1524-1528), during the minority of the former's step-son James V
• James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran (1542-1554), during the minority of his cousin, Mary Stuart
• Mary of Guise (1554-1560), during the minority of her daughter Mary Stuart
• James Stuart, 1st Earl of Moray (1560), during the absence of his half-sister Mary Stuart
• James Stuart, 1st Earl of Moray (1567-1570), during the minority of his nephew James VI
• Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox (1570-1571), during the minority of his grandson James VI
• John Erskine, 1st Earl of Mar (1571-1572), during the minority of James VI
• James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton (1572-1581), during the minority of James VI

Spain

• Cardinal Cisneros, twice regent of Spain in the late 15th and early 16th century.
• Maria Christina of Austria, regent for the infant Alfonso XIII of Spain in the early 20th century.

Sweden

• Sten Sture the Elder the longest serving regent during the Kalmar Union
• Duke Charles after ousting the Catholic king Sigismund
• Axel Oxenstierna during the minority of Christina of Sweden
• Crown Prince Charles (Bernadotte) for his adoptive father Charles XIII

United Kingdom

• George IV, Prince Regent during the incapacity of his father, George III.

Other uses

Occasionally, the term regent refers to positions lower than the ruler of a country.

• In the Dutch republic of the United Provinces, the members of the ruling class, not formally hereditary but de facto patricians, were known collectively as regenten (the Dutch plural for regent)
• In the Dutch Indies, a regent was a native prince allowed to rule de facto colonized 'state' as a regentschap (see that term)
  • Hence, in the succeeding republic Indonesia, the term regent is used in English to mean a bupati or local government official.
• Also used in private spheres, for instance, some university managers in North America are called regents, or the members of certain governing bodies of lofty institutions, such as the national banks, in France and (imitating) Belgium.
• Again in Belgium and France, but far lower on the social ladder, (Régént in French; or in Dutch) Regent is the official title of a secondary school teacher of the lower years (equivalent to junior high school), who does not require a college degree but is trained solely for education in a specialized écôle normale = normaalschool.

See also

• Regencybg:Регент

cs:Regent de:Reichsverweser fr:Régence he:עוצר (שליט) ja:摂政 nl:Regent no:Regent pl:Regent sv:Regent