March 31
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March 31 is the 90th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (91st in Leap years), with 275 days remaining.
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Events
- 307 - After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine marries Fausta, the daughter of the retired Roman Emperor Maximian.
- 1717 - A sermon on "The Nature of the Kingdom of Christ" by Benjamin Hoadly, the Bishop of Bangor, provoked the Bangorian Controversy.
- 1774 - American Revolutionary War: The Kingdom of Great Britain orders the port of Boston, Massachusetts closed in the Boston Port Act.
- 1854 - Commodore Matthew Perry signs the Treaty of Kanagawa with the Japanese government, opening the ports of Shimoda and Hakodate to American trade.
- 1866 - The Spanish Navy bombs the harbour of Valparaíso, Chile..
- 1885 - The United Kingdom establishes a protectorate over Bechuanaland.
- 1889 - The Eiffel Tower is inaugurated.
- 1906 - The Intercollegiate Athletic Association of the United States (later National Collegiate Athletic Association) is established to set rules for amateur sports in the United States.
- 1909 - Serbia accepts Austrian control over Bosnia-Herzegovina.
- 1917 - The United States takes possession of the Danish West Indies after paying $25 million to Denmark, and renames the territory the U.S. Virgin Islands.
- 1918 - Daylight Savings Time goes into effect in the United States for the first time.
- 1930 - The Motion Pictures Production Code is instituted, imposing strict guidelines on the treatment of sex, crime, religion and violence in motion pictures for the next forty years.
- 1931 - An earthquake destroys Managua Nicaragua, killing 2,000.
- 1933 - The Civilian Conservation Corps is established with the mission to relieve rampant unemployment.
- 1942 - In World War II, Japanese forces invade Christmas Island, then a British possession.
- 1949 - The Dominion of Newfoundland joins Confederation and becomes the 10th Province of Canada.
- 1957 - Elections to the Territorial Assembly of the French colony Upper Volta. After the elections PDU and MDV form a government.
- 1959 - The 14th Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso, crosses the border into India and is granted political asylum.
- 1964 - The Dictatorship in Brazil, under the aegis of general Castello Branco, begins.
- 1966 - The Soviet Union launches Luna 10 which later becomes the first spaceprobe to enter orbit around the Moon.
- 1968 - President Lyndon Johnson announces he will not run for re-election.
- 1970 - Explorer 1 re-enters the Earth's atmosphere (after 12 years in orbit).
- 1970 - Eight terrorists from the Japanese Red Army hijacked a Japan Airlines Boeing 727 at Tokyo International Airport, wielding samurai swords and carrying a bomb.
- 1979 - The last British soldier leaves the Maltese Islands.
- 1981 - Attempted assasination on President Ronald Reagan.
- 1986 - A Mexicana Boeing 727 en route to Puerto Vallarta erupts in flames and crashes in the mountains northwest of Mexico City, killing 166.
- 1986 - Six metropolitan county councils are abolished in England.
- 1994 - The journal Nature reports the finding in Ethiopia of the first complete Australopithecus afarensis skull (see Human evolution).
- 1998 - Netscape releases the code base of its browser under an open source license agreement; the open source project is given the code name Mozilla, and would eventually be spun off into the non-profit Mozilla Foundation.
- 2004 - Google announces Gmail, the first web-based mail service to offer 1 gigabyte of storage.
- 2004 - In Fallujah, Iraq, 4 American private military contractors working for Blackwater USA, are killed and their bodies mutilated after being ambushed.
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Births
- 250 - Constantius Chlorus, Roman Emperor (d. 306)
- 1499 - Pope Pius IV (d. 1565)
- 1504 - Guru Angad Dev, second Sikh guru (d. 1552)
- 1519 - King Henry II of France (d. 1559)
- 1536 - Ashikaga Yoshiteru, Japanese shogun (d. 1565)
- 1596 - René Descartes, French mathematician (d. 1650)
- 1621 - Andrew Marvell, English poet (d. 1678)
- 1651 - Karl II, Elector Palatine (d. 1685)
- 1675 - Pope Benedict XIV (d. 1758)
- 1718 - Marianne Victoria of Borbón, queen regent of Portugal (d. 1781)
- 1723 - King Frederick V of Denmark (d. 1766)
- 1732 - Franz Josef Haydn, Austrian composer (d. 1809)
- 1777 - Charles Cagniard de la Tour, French physicist (d. 1859)
- 1778 - Coenraad Jacob Temminck, Dutch zoologist (d. 1858)
- 1809 - Edward FitzGerald, English poet (d. 1883)
- 1811 - Robert Wilhelm Bunsen, German chemist and inventor (d. 1899)
- 1819 - Prince Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, Chancellor of Germany (d. 1901)
- 1871 - Arthur Griffith, President of Ireland (d. 1922)
- 1872 - Alexandra Kollontai, Russian ambassador to Norway (d.1952)
- 1878 - Jack Johnson, American boxer (d. 1946)
- 1885 - Pascin, Bulgarian painter (d. 1930)
- 1890 - William Lawrence Bragg, English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1971)
- 1891 - Victor Varconi, Hungarian film actor (d. 1976)
- 1906 - Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, Japanese physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1979)
- 1911 - Elisabeth Grümmer, Alsatian soprano (d. 1986)
- 1914 - Octavio Paz, Mexican diplomat and writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1998)
- 1915 - Albert Hourani, English historian (d. 1993)
- 1922 - Richard Kiley, American actor and singer (d. 1999)
- 1924 - Leo Buscaglia, American author (d. 1998)
- 1926 - John Fowles, English author (d. 2005)
- 1927 - César Chávez, American labor activist (d. 1993)
- 1927 - William Daniels, American actor
- 1928 - Lefty Frizzell, American singer and songwriter (d. 1975)
- 1928 - Gordie Howe, Canadian hockey player
- 1929 - Lucille Bliss, American voice actress
- 1929 - Liz Claiborne, Belgian fashion designer
- 1929 - Bertram Fields, American lawyer
- 1931 - Miller Barber, American professional golfer
- 1933 - Nichita Stănescu, Romanian poet (d. 1983)
- 1934 - Richard Chamberlain, American actor
- 1934 - Shirley Jones, American singer and actress
- 1934 - Carlo Rubbia, Italian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1935 - Herb Alpert, American trumpeter and band leader
- 1935 - Judith Rossner, American author
- 1936 - Bob Pulford, Canadian hockey player
- 1936 - Marge Piercy, American writer
- 1938 - Sheila Dikshit, Chief Minister of Delhi
- 1938 - David Steel, Scottish politician
- 1939 - Zviad Gamsakhurdia, first President of Georgia (d. 1993)
- 1939 - Volker Schlöndorff, German film director
- 1940 - Patrick Leahy, U.S. Senator from Vermont
- 1940 - Barney Frank, U.S. Representative from Massachusetts
- 1942 - Michael Savage, talk radio host and commentator
- 1943 - Christopher Walken, American actor
- 1945 - Valerie Curtin, American actress, writer, and producer
- 1945 - Gabe Kaplan, American actor and comedian
- 1946 - Gonzalo Márquez, Venezuelan Major League Baseball player (d. 1984)
- 1947 - Cesar Gaviria Trujillo, President of Colombia
- 1948 - Al Gore, Vice President of the United States
- 1948 - Rhea Perlman, American actress
- 1950 - Ed Marinaro, American football player and actor
- 1950 - Andras Adorjan, Hungarian chess player
- 1955 - Angus Young, Scottish-born musician (AC/DC)
- 1957 - Marc McClure, American actor
- 1965 - Tom Barrasso, American hockey player
- 1966 - Roger Black, British athlete
- 1971 - Pavel Bure, Russian hockey player
- 1971 - Ewan McGregor, Scottish actor
- 1973 - Bold Forbes, Puerto Rican racehorse (d. 2000)
- 1974 - Stefan Olsdal, Swedish bassist (Placebo)
- 1974 - Benjamin Eicher, Swiss film director
- 1976 - Josh Saviano, American actor
- 1978 - Stephen Clemence, English footballer
- 1978 - Jérôme Rothen, French footballer
- 1980 - Chien-Ming Wang, Taiwanese Major League Baseball player
- 1982 - Tal Ben Haim, Israeli footballer
- 1982 - Philippe Mexès, French footballer
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Deaths
- 1204 - Eleanor of Aquitaine, Queen of France and England (b. 1121)
- 1340 - Ivan I of Russia, Prince of Moscow (b. 1288)
- 1567 - Philipp I of Hesse (b. 1504)
- 1621 - Philip III of Spain (b. 1578)
- 1631 - John Donne, English writer and prelate (b. 1572)
- 1671 - Anne Hyde, queen of James II of England (b. 1637)
- 1703 - Johann Christoph Bach, German composer (b. 1642)
- 1723 - Edward Hyde, 3rd Earl of Clarendon, British Governor of New York and New Jersey (b. 1661)
- 1727 - Sir Isaac Newton, mathematician and physicist (b. 1643)
- 1741 - Pieter Burmann the Elder, Dutch classical scholar (b. 1668)
- 1783 - Nikita Ivanovich Panin, Russian statesman (b. 1718)
- 1837 - John Constable, English painter (b. 1776)
- 1855 - Charlotte Brontë, English author (b. 1816)
- 1880 - Henryk Wieniawski, Polish composer (b. 1835)
- 1885 - Franz Wilhelm Abt, German composer (b. 1819)
- 1913 - John Pierpont Morgan, American financier and banker (b. 1837)
- 1917 - Emil Adolf von Behring, German physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1854)
- 1915 - Wyndham Halswelle, British runner (b. 1882)
- 1931 - Knute Rockne, American football coach (b. 1888)
- 1945 - Hans Fischer, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1881)
- 1945 - Anne Frank, German-born diarist (b. 1929)
- 1952 - Wallace H. White, Jr., U.S. Senator from Maine (b. 1877)
- 1954 - Edwin Armstrong, American electrical engineer and inventor (b. 1890)
- 1956 - Ralph DePalma, Italian-born race car driver (b. 1884)
- 1978 - Charles Best, Canadian medical scientist (b. 1899)
- 1980 - Vladimír Holan, Czech poet (b. 1905)
- 1980 - Jesse Owens, American athlete (b. 1913)
- 1981 - Enid Bagnold, British author and playwright (b. 1889)
- 1984 - Ronald Clark O'Bryan, American murderer (executed) (b. 1944)
- 1985 - The Singing Nun, Belgian nun and singer (b. 1933)
- 1988 - William McMahon, twentieth Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1908)
- 1993 - Brandon Lee, American actor (b. 1965)
- 1995 - Selena, Mexican-American singer (b. 1971)
- 1998 - Bella Abzug, American politician (b. 1920)
- 1999 - Yuri Knorosov, Russian linguist and epigrapher (b. 1922)
- 2001 - Clifford Shull, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1915)
- 2002 - Barry Took, British comedian and writer (b. 1928)
- 2003 - H.S.M. Coxeter, English-born geometer and author (b. 1907)
- 2003 - Tommy Seebach, Danish singer (b. 1949)
- 2005 - Stanley J. Korsmeyer, American oncologist (b. 1951)
- 2005 - Frank Perdue, American poultry farmer (b. 1920)
- 2006 - Jackie McLean, American jazz saxophonist
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Holidays and observances
- New Jersey - Thomas Mundy Peterson Day.
- César Chávez Day - official holiday in five states and many cities across the U.S.
- Freedom Day in Malta.
- Transfer Day in U.S. Virgin Islands.
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External links
February 28 - February 29 - (February 30) - March 30 - April 1 - April 30 -- listing of all days
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