Spanish fly (insect)
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{{Taxobox | color = pink | name = Spanish Fly | image = Lytta_vesicatoria_Spanische_Fliege_Brehms.png | image_width = 250px | regnum = Animalia | phylum = Arthropoda | classis = Insecta | ordo = Coleoptera | familia = Meloidae | subfamilia = Meloinae | tribus = Lyttini | genus = Lytta | species = L. vesicatoria | binomial = Lytta vesicatoria | binomial_authority = Linnaeus, 1758 }}
The Spanish fly usually refers to an emerald-green beetle Lytta vesicatoria, (from Greek lytta = rage and Latin vesica = blister) in the family Meloidae, although other species of blister beetle used in apothecary have been also called by the same name. Lytta vesicatoria is sometimes referred to as Cantharis vesicatoria, but the genus Cantharis is in an unrelated family, Cantharidae. It is 15 mm to 22 mm long and 5 mm to 8 mm wide, and lives on plants in the families Caprifoliaceae and Oleaceae. The beetle contains up to 5% cantharidin which irritates animal tissues. The crushed powder of Spanish fly is of yellowish brown to brown-olive color with iridescent reflections, of disagreeable scent and bitter flavor.
Spanish fly, or cantharides as it is sometimes called, is often given orally to farm animals to incite them to mating.<ref name="Gottlieb_1">Template:Harv</ref> The cantharides excreted in the urine irritate the urethral passages, causing inflammation in the genitals and subsequent priapism. For this reason, Spanish fly has been given to humans for purposes of seduction. It is dangerous since the amount required is miniscule and the difference between the effective dose and the harmful dose is quite narrow. Cantharides cause painful urination, fever, and sometimes bloody discharge. They can cause permanent damage to the kidneys and genitals.
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History
Image:Collecting cantharides.jpg Its medical use dates back to descriptions from Hippocrates. Plasters made from wings of these beetles have been used to raise blisters. In ancient China, cantharides beetles were mixed with human dung, arsenic and wolfbane to make the world's first recorded stink bomb.<ref name="Theroux_1">Template:Harv</ref> It is also one of the world’s most well-known aphrodisiacs. In Roman times Emperor Nero's wife would slip it into food, hoping to inspire her guests to some indiscretion with which she could later blackmail them. Henry IV (1050-1106) is known to have consumed Spanish fly at the risk of his health. In 1572, the famous French surgeon Ambroise Paré wrote an account of a man suffering from "the most frightful satyriasis" after having taken a potion composed of nettles and cantharides.<ref name="Milsten_1">Template:Harv</ref> In 1670s, Spanish fly was mixed with dried moles and bat's blood for a love charm made by the black magician La Voisin.<ref name="Cavendish_1">Template:Harv</ref> It was slipped into the food of Louis XIV to secure the king's lust for Madame de Montespan. In the 18th century cantharides became fashionable, known as pastilles Richelieu in France. Marquis de Sade is claimed to have given aniseed-flavored pastilles that were laced with Spanish fly to prostitutes at an orgy in 1772. He was sentenced to death for poisoning and sodomy, but later reprieved on appeal.
Also it was used as an abortifacient, stimulant (since one of its effects was producing insomnia and nervous agitation), and as a poison; in powder, mixed with the food, it could go unnoticed. Aqua toffana, or aquetta di Napoli, was one of the poisons associated with the Medicis. Thought to be mixture of arsenic and cantharides, it was reportedly created by an Italian countess, Toffana. Four to six drops of this poison in water or wine was enough to deliver a painless death in a few hours.<ref name="Stevens_1">Template:Harv</ref>
In order to determine if a death had taken place by the effects of Spanish fly they had to resort to the vesicación test. One of those test methods consisted of rubbing part of the internal organs of the deceased, dissolved in oil, on the shaved skin of a rabbit; the absorption of the cantharides and its blistering effect are such that they became visible on the skin of the rabbit.
In Santeria, catharides are used in incense.<ref name="Gonzalez-Wippler_1">Template:Harv</ref>
Commercial products
Cantharides are illegal in the United States, except for use in animal husbandry. Some internet or mail order suppliers of sex stimulants advertise such products like "Herbal Spanish fly", "Mexican Spanish Fly", or "Spanish Fly Potion". Most of these products are simply cayenne pepper in capsules, sometimes blended with the powder of ginseng, kelp, ginger or gotu kola.<ref name="Gottlieb_2">Template:Harv</ref> The product with the name "Spanische Fliege (Spanish fly)" that is available in Germany, represent no danger with a normal application since they contain the active substance actually only in homeopathic dosage, diluted to almost non-existent.
Culinary use
Dawamesk, a spread or jam made in North Africa, compounded of hashish, almond paste, pistachio nuts, sugar, orange or tamarind peel, cloves and other various spices, occasionally had included Spanish fly.
In Morocco and other parts of North Africa, a spice blend called Ras el hanout had included the cantharides in its list of ingredients in the past. However, the sale of Spanish fly was banned in 1990s in the spice markets of Morocco.
Notes
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References
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}}.de:Spanische Fliege es:Cantárida fr:Cantharide officinale ja:スパニッシュフライ ko:물집청가리 nl:Spaanse vlieg sv:Spansk fluga