Tucson, Arizona

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Tucson redirects here. For the vehicle by Hyundai Motor Company, see Hyundai Tucson

Template:Infobox City Tucson (pronounced Template:IPA) is a city and the county seat of Pima County, Arizona, United States, located 118 miles (188 km) southeast of Phoenix. A July 1, 2004 Census estimate put the city's population at 521,605, and the metropolitan population at 931,210. The population of metropolitan Tucson is expected to exceed 1 million by spring 2007. Also by 2008 the city population is expected to exceed 610,000 residents. In 2004 Tucson ranked as the 32nd largest city, and 55th largest metropolitan area in the U.S. It is the largest city in southern Arizona, and the second largest in the state after Phoenix. Two United States Navy ships have also been named USS Tucson in honor of the city.

Major incorporated suburbs of Tucson include Oro Valley and Marana northwest of the city, and South Tucson and Sahuarita south of the city. Other communities near Tucson include Casas Adobes, Catalina, Catalina Foothills, Flowing Wells, Green Valley, Tanque Verde, and Vail.

The name Tucson comes via Spanish from the O'odham, Cuk Ṣon (pronounced Template:IPA; roughly, "chuk shon"), meaning "Black Base," a reference to the mostly volcanic mountains on the west side of the city. The most notable of these foothills is Sentinel Peak, better known as "A Mountain" because it sports a large letter A in honor of the nearby University of Arizona, situated in west central Tucson. Tucson is sometimes referred to as "The Old Pueblo." A contest in the 1980s to coin a new nickname produced "The Sunshine Factory," which Tucsonans ignored in favor of the original.

History

Image:Tucson Stone Ave year 1880.jpg Tucson was originally inhabited around 7000 BC by early Paleo-Indians, and later replaced by groups designated by archaeologists as the Hohokam. As such, Tucson is at the longest continuously inhabited location in the United States. Jesuit missionary Eusebio Francisco Kino visited the area in 1692, and founded the Mission San Xavier del Bac in 1700. The Spanish established a presidio (fort) in 1775 and the town came to be called "Tucson." Tucson became a part of Mexico after Mexico gained independence from Spain in 1821. Following the Gadsden purchase in 1853, Tucson became a part of the United States of America. From August 1861, until mid-1862, Tucson was the capital of the Confederate Territory of Arizona. Until 1863, Tucson and all of Arizona was part of the New Mexico Territory. From 1867 to 1889, Tucson was the capital of the Arizona Territory. The University of Arizona, located in Tucson, was founded in 1885. By 1900 7,531 people lived in Tucson. The population increased gradually to 13,913 in 1910, 20,292 in 1920, and 36,818 in 1940.

Tucson's early neighborhoods (some of which are covered by the Tucson Convention Center) include Barrio Anita, named for an early settler; El Jardin, named for an early recreational site, Levin's Gardens; and El Ollo, named for a lake that was part of the gardens.

Bancroft, History of New Mexico and Arizona, (San Francisco, 1880)

Geography

Tucson is located at Template:Coor dms (32.214476, -110.918192)Template:GR.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 505.3 km² (195.1 mi²). 504.2 km² (194.7 mi²) of it is land and 1.1 km² (0.4 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 0.22% water.

Its elevation is 2,389 ft (728 m) above sea level. Tucson is situated on an alluvial plain, surrounded by five sets of mountains: the Santa Catalina Mountains and the Tortolita Mountains to the north, the Santa Rita Mountains to the south, the Rincon Mountains to the east, and the Tucson Mountains to the west. The city is located on the Santa Cruz River, a dry river bed much of the year that floods during significant seasonal rains. (The Santa Cruz becomes a subterranean stream part of the year even when it appears to be dry.)

Tucson is located along I-10, which runs to Phoenix and Los Angeles in the northwest, and through El Paso, Texas to Jacksonville, Florida in the east. I-19 also runs to the south towards Nogales and the U.S.-Mexico border including Huasabas.

Climate

Tucson has two major seasons, summer (subdivided by "monsoon season") and winter (aka "not summer") and two minor seasons, fall and spring. Summer in Tucson is typically from May to October.

Early summer is characterized by low humidity, clear skies, and daytime high temperatures that exceed 100 degrees Fahrenheit. Tucsonans jokingly describe the first day of 100-degree weather as when "the 'ice breaks' on the Santa Cruz River," a riverbed that is dry most of the year. The average overnight temperature ranges between 69°F and 74°F.

The period of late summer known locally as "monsoon season" (with a few Tucsonans calling the storms "chubascos") typically begins in July, but can begin anytime from June to August. During monsoon season the temperatures are a few degrees lower than during the drier summer, but the humidity is much higher than the rest of the year. This period begins with clouds building up from the south in the early afternoon followed by intense thunderstorms and rainfall, which rapidly flood normally dry washes. Large areas of the city do not have storm sewers, so monsoon rains flood the main thoroughfares (often constructed in a "vee" shape to conduct water), but usually only for a few hours. At this time of year, motorists are warned to avoid normally dry creekbeds as cars can be swamped or washed away. The evening sky at this time of year is often pierced with dramatic lightning strikes, especially at nearby Kitt Peak observatory.

Fall typically lasts from late October to November or December. It is much like summer, and similarly dry, with days above 100 degrees typical into early October. Average daytime highs of 84°F, with overnight lows of 55°F is typical fall weather.

Tucson experiences mild winters relative to other parts of the United States, but the city's winter storms are, along with monsoon season, when the city gets most of its precipitation. Daytime highs in the winter usually are between 64°F and 69°F, with overnight lows between 38°F and 44°F. The city's economy benefits from a large influx of "snowbird" visitors during the winter months, due to its mild climate. At this time of year cars with out-of-state license plates are commonplace.

Spring usually begins in late February or March, and is characterized by rising temperatures and, if there has been sufficient rainfall, several weeks of vivid wildflower blooms, and attendant pollen affecting the allergies of many Tucsonans. When dried by the scorching summer heat, the heavy spring growth provides abundant fuel for wildfires set by lightning or, occasionally, lost hikers. Daytime highs in the spring range from 72°F in March to 88°F in May with overnight lows in March being 45°F and in May being 59°F.

People and culture

Demographics

As of the census Template:GR of 2000, there were 486,699 people, 192,891 households, and 112,455 families residing in the city. The population density was 965.3/mi² (2,500.1/km²). There were 209,609 housing units at an average density of 415.7/mi² (1,076.7/km²). The racial makeup of the city is 70.15% White, 4.33% Black or African American, 2.27% Native American, 2.46% Asian, 0.16% Pacific Islander, 16.85% from other races, and 3.79% from two or more races. 35.72% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. </font> The Native American inhabitants in the area include Tohono O'odham (formerly the Papago), living in the city, on the nearby San Xavier reservation, and in the Tohono O'odham Nation, who may be descendants of the prehistoric inhabitants, as well as 6,800 Yaqui, living in the city (largely in the Old Pascua and Barrio Libre neighborhoods), on the nearby Pascua Yaqui reservation, and in the Yoem Pueblo in the town of Marana, most of whom trace their local ancestry back to arrivals in the late 1800s fleeing persecution in Mexico.

There were 192,891 households out of which 29.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.7% were married couples living together, 13.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.7% were non-families. 32.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 3.12.

In the city the population is rather spread out with 24.6% under the age of 18, 13.8% from 18 to 24, 30.5% from 25 to 44, 19.2% from 45 to 64, and 11.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females there were 96.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.3 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $30,981, and the median income for a family was $37,344. Males had a median income of $28,548 versus $23,086 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,322. 18.4% of the population and 13.7% of families were below the poverty line. 23.6% of those under the age of 18 and 11.0% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.

Because of its arid climate, Tucson has been a historic destination for people with health problems such as arthritis and respiratory illnesses such as tuberculosis. Tucson Medical Center, in fact, was founded as a TB clinic. Many former soldiers who had been gassed during World War I, including Belgian composer Camille van Hulse, came to Tucson in the 1920s in hopes that the dry climate would aid their recovery. The longstanding presence of so many health-seekers has made Tucson extremely health-conscious, and it was in the vanguard in such actions as banning smoking in restaurants.

Annual cultural events and fairs

Tucson Gem and Mineral Show

The Tucson Gem & Mineral Show is held every year in February for two weeks. It is one of the largest and most well-known gem and mineral shows in the world, and it features many of the finest mineral specimens available. There is no single location for display of minerals, but rather dozens of locations spread across town: many big hotels and most motels are occupied for the occasion, with professionals displaying their specimens in such locations as hotel bedrooms, lobbies, tents, and lawns. The show has an estimated attendance of more than 50,000 people from over twenty countries. Attendees frequently include the general public, experts, beginning collectors, museum employees, dealers, retailers, and researchers. Many museums and universities, including the Smithsonian Institution and the Sorbonne, have displayed materials at the show.

Fourth Avenue Street Fair

There are also two Fourth Avenue Street Fairs, in December and March, staged between 9th Street and University Boulevard, that feature arts and crafts booths, food vendors and street performers. The fairs began in 1970 when Fourth Avenue, which at the time had half a dozen thrift shops, several New Age bookshops and the Food Conspiracy Co-Op, was a gathering place for hippies, and a few merchants put tables in front of their stores to attract customers before the holidays. The fairs now draw 200,000 to 350,000 people.

Fiesta de los Vaqueros (The Tucson Rodeo)

Image:TeamRopingTucson.jpg Another popular event held in February, which is early spring in Tucson, is the Fiesta de los Vaqueros, or rodeo week. While at its heart the Fiesta is a sporting event, it includes what is billed as the world's largest non-mechanized parade. The Rodeo Parade is a popular event for families as most schools give two rodeo days off instead of Presidents Day. Western wear is seen throughout the city as corporate dress codes are cast aside during the Fiesta. The Fiesta de los Vaqueros marks the beginning of the rodeo season in the United States. Unlike other sports such as baseball and football which have their biggest and most important events at the ends of their seasons (the World Series and the Super Bowl, respectively), Fiesta de los Vaqueros, the premier event of the rodeo year, is held at the beginning of the rodeo season.

Day of the Dead (All Souls Day) Celebration

Owing to Tucson's Mexican-influenced heritage, one of the largest holidays celebrated is the Day of The Dead, November 1st. At sundown, thousands of people garbed in macabre costume gather for the All Soul's Procession.

Media

There are two major daily newspapers in Tucson: the Arizona Daily Star, a morning daily, and the Tucson Citizen, which publishes weekday afternoons and on Saturdays. The Tucson Citizen is the oldest continuously published newspaper in Arizona, established in 1870 as the Arizona Citizen. In 2005, the Star was sold by Pulitzer, Inc. to Lee Enterprises. The Citizen is owned by Gannett. The newspapers participate in a "Joint Operating Agreement" in which non-news, advertising, production and distribution operations are run by Tucson Newspapers Inc., founded in 1940.

The Star refers to local residents as "Tucsonans" while the Citizen calls them "Tucsonians."

In 1981, Star reporters Clark Hallas and Robert B. Lowe won a Pulitzer Prize for their stories about recruiting violations by University of Arizona football coach Tony Mason.

The Tucson Weekly is an alternative weekly publication that is distributed free at numerous locations around Tucson. Other alternative weeklies have included the Frumious Bandersnatch, published in the 1960s by Hugh Holub; the Mountain Newsreal; and another weekly dating from the 1970s using the title Tucson Weekly. In the 90s, author Mark Zepezauer contributed the political Tucson Comic News.

Tucson is served by the major television networks: KVOA 4 (NBC), KGUN 9 (ABC), KOLD 13 (CBS), KMSB 11 (FOX), KTTU 18 (UPN), and KWBA 58 (WB). KUAT 6 is a PBS affiliate run by the University of Arizona.

Museums and art collections

There are several museums in the city.

The Arizona Historical Society, founded as the Pioneer Historical Society by early settlers, has a collection of artifacts reflecting the city's history--many focusing on the era before statehood was attained in 1912-- as well as a fine collection of original documents in its library, including many interviews with early residents.

The Historical Society also operates an original adobe house in the Tucson Community Center that was saved when one of Tucson's earliest barrios was razed as urban renewal. Originally named the Fremont House after Gov. John C. Fremont, who rented it for his daughter, it is now known as the Sosa-Carrillo-Fremont House to more accurately reflect its Latin heritage.

The society also operates the Fort Lowell Museum, on the grounds of a military fort established in 1873 during the "Indian Wars" period and abandoned in 1891.

The Tucson Museum of Art, which has been around for 25 years, was established as part of an art school. It contains nearly 6,000 objects concentrating on the art of the Americas and its influences.

The museum also operates several historic buildings in the neighborhood, including La Casa Cordova, the J. Knox Corbett House, the Edward Nye Fish House and the Stevens/Duffield House.

The University of Arizona Art Museum includes works by Franz Kline, Jackson Pollock and Mark Rothko as part of the Edward J. Gallagher Memorial Collection, a tribute a young man who was killed in a boating accident. The museum also includes the Samuel H. Kress Collection of European works from the 14th to 19th centuries and the C. Leonard Pfeiffer Collection of American paintings.

The UA campus also features the Center for Creative Photography, a leading museum with many works by major artists such as Ansel Adams and Edward Weston.

The Mission San Xavier del Bac is a historic Spanish mission, located 10 miles (16 km) south of the city. It was built by Father Kino in the 1660's as a mission which included a chain of other missions located now south of the border. It is now located in the Tono O'odham nation reservation southwest of Tucson off of I-19.

Built as a set for the movie Arizona Old Tucson Studios (west of the Tucson Mountains) is a movie studio for classic Westerns. It was destroyed by arson and the rebuilt site now features a theme park.

The Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum is a zoo devoted to Southwestern animals and plants, is located to the west of the Tucson Mountains. The Pima Air & Space Museum, featuring over 250 modern and historical aircraft, is located to the southeast of the city near Davis-Monthan Air Force Base. The Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Center (AMARC) -- also known as the Boneyard -- is a facility where the federal government stores out-of-service aircraft. Bus tours are conducted regularly from the Pima Air & Space Museum. There is also the Titan Missile Museum located about 25 miles (40 km) south of the city on I-19. This is a Cold War era Titan nuclear missile silo turned tourist stop.

The Tucson Rodeo Parade Museum, on the northeast corner of South 6th Avenue and Irvington, includes a large metal building that was originally the first city airport hangar. Established in 1918 and dedicated November 20, 1919, the Mayse Airport was the first municipally owned airport in the U.S.

Parks and outdoor attractions

Image:P2230002.JPG The city is home to more than 120 parks, 26 pools (including 7 year-round pools), the Reid Park Zoo, 3 tennis centers, and 3 urban fishing lakes. There are also five public golf courses located throughout the area. Several scenic parks and points of interest are also located nearby, including the Tucson Botanical Gardens, Saguaro National Park, Sabino Canyon, and Biosphere 2 (just north of the city, in the town of Oracle).

Fourth Avenue, located near the University of Arizona (UA), is home to many shops, restaurants, and bars, and hosts the annual 4^th Avenue Street Fair every December and March. University Boulevard, leading directly to the UA Main Gate, is also the center of numerous bars, retail shops, and restaurants most commonly frequented by the large student population of the UA.

El Tiradito is a religious shrine in the downtown area popular with many locals, religious or not.

Additionally, the University of Arizona campus has an arboretum and several museums.

Performing arts

Music groups include the Arizona Opera Company, founded as the Tucson Opera Company in 1971, the Tucson Symphony Orchestra, founded in 1921, the Tucson Boys Chorus, Southern Arizona Symphony and Civic Orchestra of Tucson.

Theater groups include the Arizona Theatre Company, which performs in the Temple of Music and Art, a mirror image of the Pasadena Playhouse; the Invisible Theatre; and the Gaslight Theatre, which performs melodramas. Additonally, many bands perform at the numerous local clubs.

Tucson is also known for its eccelectic underground arts scene localized in the Historic Warehouse Arts District. Performance troupes such as the pyrotechnic theater company, Flam Chen, puppet circus Tucson Puppet Works, and the kinectic-sculpturist Mat Bevel are known for their alternative and otherwise, off-kilter shows.

Tucson is home to the Tucson, Arizona Boys Chorus. They have been Arizona's "Ambassadors in Levi's" since 1930. A chorus of mostly pre teen boys with exceptional singing skills, they have toured the USSR, China, Japan, Singapore, and all over the world.

Sports

There are no major league or professional athletic teams anchored in the city. Some residents follow the professional teams of the Phoenix area, while the University of Arizona Wildcats in the NCAA enjoy substantial support in the city.

Tucson is home to the Tucson Electric Park, which is the spring training location of the Arizona Diamondbacks (NL), and the Chicago White Sox (AL). The Colorado Rockies (NL) practice at nearby Hi Corbett Field. These teams, along with the nine that practice in nearby Phoenix, make up the Cactus League.

The city does field a local minor league team, the Tucson Sidewinders, a triple-A affiliate of the Arizona Diamondbacks. The Sidewinders play in Tucson Electric Park and are in the Pacific Conference South of the Pacific Coast League.

Auto racing is also popular, and stock car auto races can be found at the Tucson Raceway Park and Southwestern International Raceway.

The English Premiership soccer club Charlton Athletic also recently opened a youth academy in Tucson in May 2005.

Government

The city government of Tucson includes a 6-member city council, a separately-elected mayor, and an appointed city manager. Both the council members and the mayor serve 4-year terms, and none face term limits. Council members are nominated by their wards via a ward-level primary held in September. The top vote-earners from each party then compete at-large for their ward's seat on the November ballot. In other words, come election day, the whole city votes on all the council races up for that year. Council elections are severed: Wards 1, 2, and 4 (as well as the mayor) are up for election in the same year (most recently 2003), while Wards 3, 5, and 6 share another year (most recently 2005).

Tucson is well-known for being a trailblazer in voluntary partial campaign finance. Since 1985, both mayoral and council candidates have been eligible to receive matching public funds from the city. To become eligible, council candidates must receive 200 donations of $10 or more (300 for a mayoral candidate). Candidates must then agree to spending limits equal to $.33 for every registered Tucson voter, or $79,222 in 2005 (the corresponding figures for mayor are $.64 per registered voter, or $142,271 in 2003). In return, candidates receive matching funds from the city at a 1:1 ratio ($1 in public money for every $1 in private donations). The only other limitation is that candidates may not exceed 75% of the limit by the date of the primary. Many cities, such as San Francisco and New York City, have copied this system, albeit with more complex spending and matching formulas.

Rail Transportation

Amtrak, the national passenger rail system, provides service to Tucson three times weekly in each direction, operating its Sunset Limited between Orlando, Florida and Los Angeles, California.

Old Pueblo Trolley operates weekend heritage streetcar service between the Fourth Avenue Business District and the University of Arizona.

Education

Post-secondary education

Tucson is home to the University of Arizona, the second largest university in the state in terms of enrollment with over 37,000 students.

Pima Community College is also located in the Tucson area with five campuses.

Primary and secondary public education

Primarily, students of Tucson residents attend public schools in the Tucson Unified School District (TUSD). TUSD encompasses the central Tucson valley, including the lower Catalina Foothills and segments of the Tanque Verde Valley.

Other school districts in the Tucson metropolitan area include:

Economy

Much of Tucson's economic development has been centered around the development of the University of Arizona, which is currently the largest employer in the city. Davis-Monthan Air Force Base, located on the southeastern edge of the city, also provides many jobs for Tucson residents. Its presence, as well as the presence of a US Army Intelligence Center, has led to the development of a significant number of high-tech industries, including government contractors, in the area. Today, there are more than 1,200 businesses employing over 50,000 people in the high-tech industries of Southern Arizona. The City of Tucson, Pima County, the State of Arizona and the private sector have all made commitments to create a growing, healthy economy with high-tech industries as its foundation. Advanced technology companies like Raytheon Missile Systems, Texas Instruments, IBM, Intuit, Inc., America Online, Universal Avionics, Misys Healthcare Systems, and Bombardier, all have a significant presence in Tucson.

Tucson is also home to an active film production industry, and many major motion pictures have been filmed in the area. Some popular movies filmed in Tucson include Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore (1974), Arizona (1940), Bodies, Rest and Motion (1993), Boys on the Side (1995), C.C. and Company (1970), Can't Buy Me Love (1987), Dance with the Devil (1997), Flashpoint (1984), Harley Davidson and the Marlboro Man (1991), Hombre (1967), How the West Was Won (1962), Jesus' Son (1999), A Kiss Before Dying (1956), Lilies of the Field (1963), Major League (1989), The Postman (1997), Revenge of the Nerds (1984), Revenge of the Nerds II: Nerds in Paradise (1987), Rio Bravo (1959), A Star Is Born (1976), Stir Crazy (1980), Terminal Velocity (1994), The Three Amigos (1986), Thunder Alley (1985), Tin Cup (1996), and Tombstone (1993).

Miscellany

Variations in the pronunciation of the city's name are fairly common, as the vowel in the second syllable is often indistinct or omitted altogether (as in Template:IPA). A comical, intentional mispronunciation of Template:IPA/ is also occasionally encountered. The city is often misspelled as "Tuscon" by non-locals, and local residents may pronounce it this way in jest.
Speedway Boulevard, which begins on the far eastside and runs all the way to the Tucson Mountains, was named the "ugliest street in America" by Life Magazine in the early 1970s, quoting Tucson Mayor James Corbett.
Speedway Boulevard was awarded "Street of the Year" by Arizona Highways in the late 1990's.
The Beatles song Get Back features Tucson. So does the 10,000 Maniacs song "Painted Desert," "Jack Straw" by the Grateful Dead and the Paul Simon song "Under African Skies," which is a duet with Tucsonan Linda Ronstadt. Tucson is featured in the song "Thumbelina" by the Pretenders. Hip-Hop music has also mentioned Tucson, including such artist as Bone Thugs N Harmony "Ghetto Cowboy" and the Notorious B.I.G. "Ni**** Bleed".
On Sentinel Peak, just west of downtown, there is a giant "A" in honor of the University of Arizona. It used to be a yearly tradition for freshmen to whitewash the "A." However, at the beginning of the Iraq War, anti-war activists painted it black. This was followed by a paint scuffle wherein the "A" was painted various colors until the City Council said "enough." It is now red, white and blue.
Tumamoc Hill is higher than neighboring "A" Mountain.
When the University of Arizona remodeled the Main Auditorium, various campus factions argued over whether it should be renamed Centennial Auditorium or Centennial Hall, so for several years, it was officially referred to it as Centennial.
Ina Road, a major east-west thoroughfare north of town, is named for UA physical education professor Ina Gittings. Although the street is pronounced "Eye-nah" she pronounced her name "Eee-nah."
Rita Road, located on Tucson's southeast side, is believed to have been named by Howard Hughes in honor of his then girlfriend Rita Hayworth. Hughes Aircraft was located there in the 1950s. It is also believed to be named for the Santa Rita Mountains located southeast of Tucson.
The locally famous saying "That's exactly right, Hank," originated in TV ads for Jim Click Ford, in which announcer Hank Lominac would interview Click. For example: "Jim Click, I understand the new Pintos are on sale at Jim Click Ford. That's exactly right, Hank."
The local saying "That's a ganga" or "Neighbors, that's a ganga" originated in a series of TV ads for Austin's Bargain Center.

See also

Sister cities

Tucson has nine sister cities, as designated by Sister Cities International, Inc.: Almaty (Kazakhstan), Ciudad Obregon (Sonora, Mexico), County Roscommon (Ireland), Sulaymaniyah (Iraq), Segovia (Spain), Trikala (Greece), Pécs (Hungary), Guadalajara (Mexico), and Taichung City, Taiwan (China).

Additional reading

John Bret Harte: Tucson: Portrait of a Desert Pueblo ; American Historical Press; ISBN 1892724251 (hardcover, reissued 2001).
Evelyn S. Cooper: Tucson in Focus: The Buehman Studio ; Arizona Historical Society; ISBN 0-910037-35-3 (hardcover, 1995). A sample of the Buehman Collection, which includes 250,000 glass plate and nitrate negatives from the 1870s to the 1950s.
Roy P. Drachman: From Cowtown to Desert Metropolis: Ninety Years of Arizona Memories; Whitewing Press; ISBN 1-888965-02-9 (hardcover, 1999); ISBN 1-888965-03-7 (paperback, 1999).
Bernard L. Fontana: Biography of a Desert Church: The Story of Mission San Xavier del Bac; Tucson Corral of the Westerners; ASIN B0006RHO88 (paperback, 1996)
George Hand: The Civil War in Apacheland ; (Part 1 of George Hand's diary) High Lonesome Books; ISBN 094438336X (paperback, 1996).
George Hand: Whiskey, Six-Guns and Red-Light Ladies; (Part 2 of George Hand's diary) High Lonesome Books; ISBN 0944383300 (paperback, 1995).
Bonnie Henry: Another Tucson; Arizona Daily Star; ISBN 096077582X (hardcover, 1992).
Rosalio Moisés: The Tall Candle: The Personal Chronicle of a Yaqui Indian ; University of Nebraska Press; ISBN 0803207476 (paperback, 2001).
Muriel Thayer Painter: A Yaqui Easter; University of Arizona Press; (paperback, 1971) Read online.
Federico Jose Maria Ronstadt: Borderman, the Memoirs of Federico Jose Maria Ronstadt; University of New Mexico Press. (hardback, 1993) Read online.
Don Schellie: Vast Domain of Blood: The Story of the Camp Grant Massacre; Westernlore Press; ASIN B0006BW3N0 (paperback, 1968).
Jack Sheaffer and Steve Emerine: Jack Sheaffer's Tucson, 1945-1965 Arizona Daily Star; ISBN 0960775811 (hardback, 1985).
Thomas E. Sheridan: Del rancho al barrio: The Mexican legacy of Tucson; Arizona Historical Society (paperback, 1983)
Thomas E. Sheridan: Los Tucsonenses: The Mexican Community in Tucson, 1854-1941; University of Arizona Press; ISBN 0816512981 (paperback, reissued 1992)
C. L. Sonnichsen: Tucson: The Life and Times of an American City; The classic book on Tucson's history; University of Oklahoma Press; ISBN 0806120428 (paperback, reissued 1987)

External links

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Image:Flag of Arizona.svg	State of Arizona
Regions	North Central Arizona \| Northern Arizona \| Phoenix metropolitan area \| Southern Arizona \| Arizona Strip
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