What's My Line?
From Free net encyclopedia
What's My Line? was a weekly panel game show originally produced by Mark Goodson and Bill Todman for CBS television. The series debuted on Thursday, February 2, 1950 at 8:00 p.m. EST and aired on alternating weeks. On Wednesday, April 12, 1950, the broadcast was changed to alternate Wednesday evenings at 9:00 p.m. EST. On Sunday, October 1, 1950, CBS permanently moved the quiz show to Sunday at 10:30 p.m. EDT, finally airing weekly.
The original series ran for eighteen seasons, ending its CBS run September 3, 1967. It is the longest-running game show in the history of prime time network television, and the fifth longest-running game show overall (behind The Price Is Right, Wheel of Fortune, Jeopardy and Concentration).
From 1968 to 1975, the series also appeared in a daily (Monday to Friday) version for syndication, still produced by Goodson-Todman Productions but distributed by Viacom, which started out as the television syndication division of CBS.
Contents |
Hosts and panelists
Image:WMLJohn1.jpg The original show was hosted by veteran radio and television newsman John Daly. Panelist Bennett Cerf often referred to him as John Charles Daly, Daly's professional name at the start of his CBS News career in Washington. (As writer Joe Persico noted in his 1988 biography of Edward R. Murrow, Daly shortened his name at the request of CBS Vice President Ed Klauber, but the JCD name had lingered on among some listeners and viewers.) Sometimes Cerf would introduce Daly by his full birth name, John Charles Patrick Croghan Daly.
Four panelists appeared on each program. The panelists on the initial episode were former New Jersey governor Harold G. Hoffman, psychiatrist Dr. Richard Hoffmann, columnist Dorothy Kilgallen and poet Louis Untermeyer. Actress Arlene Francis was scheduled to appear on the first program, but had to miss it due to a previous engagement. Her debut came on the second program. Other later panelists included comedy writer Hal Block and Random House publisher and humorist Bennett Cerf. Cerf, Kilgallen and Francis would remain regular panelists through most of the show's run. Humorist and entertainer Steve Allen joined the panel when Block left the show in 1953. During this period, Allen's wife Jayne Meadows often appeared in place of Arlene Francis or Dorothy Kilgallen, if necessary. Both Untermeyer and Block had been fired from the show; Untermeyer due to his alleged affiliation with suspect socialist and communist organizations (this was the time of McCarthyism), and Block for his erratic and often embarrassing on-air behavior.
Image:WMLPanel3.jpg In 1954 Steve Allen left and Fred Allen filled the fourth seat on the panel, until his 1956 death. The series lost another panelist when Dorothy Kilgallen died in 1965. After the deaths of both Fred Allen and Dorothy Kilgallen, their spots were not permanently filled. The chairs were left open for a series of guest panelists until the end of the show's run.
Eamonn Andrews (host of the British version of What's My Line?), Clifton Fadiman, and Bennett Cerf all had filled in as host on the four occasions when Daly could not appear during the show's seventeen and one-half years on the air. Hundreds of celebrities appeared as guest panelists when regulars were absent. Notable guest panelists included, in alphabetical order: Nick Adams, Woody Allen, Shelley Berman, Joey Bishop, Richard Boone, Victor Borge, Johnny Carson, Chuck Connors, Jane Fonda, Rita Gam, Dave Garroway, Merv Griffin, Hugh Hefner, Danny Kaye, Alan King, Ernie Kovacs, Steve Lawrence, Robert Q. Lewis, Art Linkletter, Groucho Marx, Barry Nelson, Phyllis Newman, Hugh O'Brian, Suzy Parker, Anthony Perkins, Jane Powell, Tony Randall, Debbie Reynolds, Cyril Ritchard, Dennis Weaver, Betty White, and Paul Winchell. The single most frequent guest was the husband of Arlene Francis, Martin Gabel, who appeared 112 times as a guest panelist and twice as a mystery guest.
Game play
Standard rounds
Image:WMLSignIn.jpg Each episode of What's My Line? featured two standard contestant rounds, sometimes more if time permitted, and one mystery guest round. A round was essentially a guessing game in which the panel tried to identify the occupation of a contestant. The contestant would enter, sign in on a chalkboard, and his/her occupation flashed on monitors for the studio audience and television viewers to see. One panelist would begin by asking the contestant a yes-or-no question about his/her occupation. If the panelist received a "yes" answer, s/he could pose another question. If the panelist received a "no," the privilege of questioning passed to the next panelist. Questioning continued in rotation until the occupation was deduced or until the panel received its tenth "no" answer. At the end of the game the contestant won $5 for every "no" answer, thus $50 for stumping the panel.
Panelists had the option of passing instead of asking a question. The panel could also request a group conference in which the four members had from ten to thirty seconds to openly discuss ideas about the occupation or possible lines of questioning. John Daly set the conference time limit each time one was requested. Panels quickly adopted some basic binary search strategies and used initial questions to determine whether the contestant was salaried or self-employed, whether s/he dealt in a product or service, and whether the contestant's organization was profit-making or non-profit. In later seasons, the answers to one or more of these points of inquiry were provided before questioning began. Because only "no" answers were counted, panelists would often phrase their questions so that a "yes" answer would be more probable: "Is it something other than hair?"
The host acted as a moderator, cueing the panelists on their turns and flipping over cards that represented the contestant's score. The host also assisted contestants with questions and prevented them from giving misleading answers.
Mystery guest rounds
Celebrity "mystery guests" appeared as challengers on What's My Line? in addition to the standard contestants. In a mystery guest round the panelists were blindfolded, and questioning was conducted in the same way as standard rounds. In the mid-1950s, panelists were limited to one question at a time before passing control to the next panelist. Of course, in the mystery guest round the goal was not to guess the occupation, but rather the identity of the guest. Mystery guests would try to conceal their identities by disguising their voices, much to the amusement of the studio audience.
Style of the show
What's My Line? is remembered as a celebration of urbanity and good manners in television. In the early years, business suits and street dresses were worn by the host and panelists, but starting in the mid-1950s, the host and male panelists wore black tie while female panelists donned formal gowns and often wore short gloves. The two exceptions to this formal dress code were in the shows immediately following the deaths of Fred Allen and Dorothy Kilgallen, when the male cast members wore straight neckties instead of bow ties.
Starting in 1954, the panelists were introduced in a unique way, being presented one by one as if at a formal affair. Off-camera, the studio announcer would introduce the first panelist, who would walk onstage through the curtain entrance and take his or her seat. For example, during the broadcasts of the late 50s and early 60s, the first regular panelist was usually introduced with a dramatic flair, wherein the announcer would intone: "And now, here's the nationally syndicated columnist whose Voice of Broadway appears coast to coast, Miss Dorothy Kilgallen." Then, each panelist would announce the next in turn as they came out, usually with a pithy reference as to their latest endeavor. Bennett Cerf was almost always the last panelist introduced, giving him a chance to make some mild joke or pun at the expense of host John Daly while introducing him.
At the beginning of a round, Daly would invite the next contestant to "Come in and sign in, please." In late 1960, his mantra evolved to the more familiar phrase, "Enter and sign in, please." The contestant would write his or her name on a small sign-in board which was attached to the wall. In reality, it was not a chalk board they signed, but separate panels of black art paper which were saved for posterity. Daly would then introduce the contestant to the panel. If the contestant were female, Daly asked if she should be addressed as "Miss" or "Mrs." As a sign of the time, attractive female contestants often elicited wolf-whistles from the studio audience. In addition, Daly would usually ask the guest what city he or she hailed from.
During the game, the polite, well-spoken Daly would generally address the panelists as "Mr. Cerf" or "Miss Francis." Despite his responsibility to keep things moving, Daly was not above trading bon mots with the panelists during the game. Daly also loved to make funny faces. Occasionally a panelist would pose a problematic question leading to an equivocal answer. Daly would step in to clarify matters, but his penchant for long-winded overanalysis often left the panelists more confused than before. On more than one occasion, Daly "led them down the garden path," a favorite phrase they used when they felt they had been purposely misled.
While ostensibly a game show, What's My Line? also was an opportunity to interview celebrities and people with interesting occupations. The guessing game had an air of formality and adherence to rules, but Daly was clearly on the contestants' side and wanted them to win as much money as possible. If the occupation was guessed early, Daly would often "flip all the cards" and give the contestant the full $50 anyway, especially if the contestant had come from a long way away or was planning to give the money to charity. Unknown to the public, mystery guests were paid $500 as an appearance fee, whether they won or lost the game. This was in addition to the maximum $50 game winnings, which they sometimes donated to charity. Guest panelists were paid $750 as an appearance fee. The regular panelists were under contract and were paid "much more," according to executive producer Gil Fates in his 1978 What's My Line? book.
Alternate versions
Versions in the United States
U.S. radio (1952–1953)
A weekly American CBS radio version of What's My Line? was produced from May 1952 until July 1953. The regular panelists Dorothy Kilgallen, Bennett Cerf, Arlene Francis and Hal Block, along with host John Daly, premiered the radio version of their show on Tuesday May 20, 1952, while still performing the Sunday telecast. The debut mystery guest, in her only What's My Line? appearance, was Marlene Dietrich. Marlon Brando made his only What's My Line? appearance on the radio program that aired on December 3, 1952. The radio show continued through the "Hal Block era" into the "Steve Allen era" while once moving its broadcast to Wednesday. The finale was broadcast on July 1, 1953. It is unknown whether any recordings of this year-long radio version are in existence. The radio shows were thought to have been recorded, and rumor has it that several are buried somewhere in the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C. It is also currently unknown how the producers let the audience know what the contestants' occupations were. Possibly, announcer Lee Vines, who was that era's TV and radio voice of WML, might have delivered the contestants' occupations or the names of the mystery guests in a low voice, sotto voce. If the producers followed a format similar to the TV show, this method would have informed the radio listeners of the facts. If this were the case, it predated by nine years what Goodson-Todman Productions did with the password on their television series Password.
U.S. syndication (1968–1975)
Image:WMLPanel2.jpg An American syndicated weekday version of What's My Line? ran from 1968 to 1975, with game-play largely identical to the original version. Wally Bruner was the original host and was succeeded by Larry Blyden in 1972. Arlene Francis and comedian Soupy Sales were regular panelists; Bennett Cerf continued to make frequent appearances until his death in 1971.
Other panelists included Alan Alda, Dr. Joyce Brothers, Kitty Carlisle, Bert Convy, Elaine Joyce, Ruta Lee, Joel Grey, Meredith MacRae, Gene Rayburn, Nipsy Russell, Gene Shalit and Dana Valery. Contestants on this version of WML frequently demonstrated their skill or product during their segment (often with the help of the panelists, often with hilarious results).
Also, a new "Who's Who" feature was played on occasion; four audience members stood on stage, and it was the panelists' job to match their careers with the contestants. The audience member team split $25 for each celebrity that failed to correctly match their careers, with $100 possible.
On this version, while the main game was played as before, the dollar signs for the "no" answers — which were retained early in the Bruner era — were eventually removed and replaced by sequential numbers by the end of the run.
While widely praised among fans and critics, there was one point of contention during the series' seven-year run. Cerf died in 1971, and had taped several shows just prior to his death. Television stations continued to air shows where he was a panelist, sometimes up to 18 months after his death. This resulted in confusion among some less-sophisticated fans, who were seeing "new" episodes with Cerf, long after hearing about his death; apparently, not everyone understood the workings of television syndication, which was much different in the 1970s than today. This prompted producer Gil Fates – who recalled the incident in his book, "What's My Line?" – to send a letter to fans who had written in requesting an explanation about Cerf. He explained that Cerf indeed had died, but television was practicing a time-honored tradition of celebrating one's work long after their passing.
New versions of WML were planned as early as 1981, with actor Harry Anderson (of Night Court fame) announced as the host of a 2000 revival. However, none of these versions made it to air.
In 2002, a remake of What's My Line? was taped in Tribune Studios hosted by Alex Trebek of Jeopardy!. This had a tile wall for both the panel and the host places with a "What's My Line" tiled on some. This used the same opening from the 60s verson.
Live stage version (2004–present)
Beginning in November 2004 and continuing into 2006, Jim Newman and J. Keith van Straaten have produced one-hour live stage versions of the show at the Acme Comedy Theatre in Los Angeles, California, titled What's My Line? - Live On Stage. Their web site, linked below, lists the previous and upcoming panelists and mystery guests.
Live on Stage panelists have included, among others, Wil Wheaton, Ann Magnuson, Troy McClain, Danny Goldman, Andy Zax, Alison Arngrim, Annabelle Gurwitch, Barry Saltzman, Gary Anthony Williams, Marcia Wallace, Patt Morrison, Jimmy Pardo, Paul Goebel, Greg Proops, Kate Linder, Lee Meriwether, Carlos Alazraqui, Rick Overton, Nancy Pimental, Charles Phoenix, David L. Lander, April Winchell, Cathy Ladman, Marty Ingels, Debra Wilson, E.G. Daily, Lisa Jane Persky, Mariette Hartley, Ann Magnuson, Marty Ingels, Mink Stole, Andy Dick, Elaine Hendrix, Nicole Sullivan, Matt Walsh and Jayne Meadows.
Live on Stage mystery guests have included, among others, Tara Lipinski, Rose Marie, José Canseco, Stephen Bishop, Nanette Fabray, Mr. Blackwell, Dick Van Patten, Sean Young, Sally Struthers, Wink Martindale, Judy Tenuta, Noah Wyle, LeVar Burton, Andy Dick, Hector Elizondo, Kathy Kinney, Brett Butler, Ed Begley, Jr., Lindsay Wagner, Wil Wheaton, Rip Taylor, Drew Carey, Bruno Kirby, Lisa Loeb, Alan Thicke and Jill Kollmar, daughter of Dorothy Kilgallen and Dick Kollmar.
Versions around the world
United Kingdom
A British version of What's My Line? ran from 1951 to 1963 on BBC Television (now BBC One) and was briefly revived in 1973. It was revived again by ITV (produced by Thames Television) from 1984 to 1990. Eamonn Andrews was the host for the original British series, except in the first episode where the host was Gilbert Harding. In the UK, the host's position was called the "chairman."
Panelists included Elizabeth Allan, Lady Isobel Barnett, Jerry Desmonde, Gilbert Harding, Barbara Kelly, Marghanita Laski and David Nixon. Eamonn Andrews returned to host the revived series, with panellists including Penelope Keith, Angela Rippon, Ernie Wise and Jilly Cooper; after Andrews died, Penelope Keith took over as host. The show was revived once again by Meridian Television in the mid-1990s, hosted by Emma Forbes. A special one-off edition hosted by Hugh Dennis was produced for BBC Four in 2005, as part of a season about British culture in the decade immediately following World War II. An edition of the original series (from 5 October 1957) was also shown on BBC Four as part of this season.
Germany
The German version was called Was bin ich? which translates from German to English as What am I? and was hosted by Bavarian Robert Lembke. The show ran from 1955 to 1958 and again from 1961 to 1989. It was broadcast on the TV station ARD (First German Television). Lembke, at that time head of the news division of the Bavarian Radio (BR), bought the rights to the television format during a visit to the English BBC in 1954. Lembke later was the head of the German Olympic Centre for the Olympic Games at Munich, 1972.
The best-known German panel consisted of district attorney Hans Sachs, actress Marianne Koch, TV announcer Annette von Aretin, TV announcer Anneliese Fleyenschmidt, and Guido Baumann, head of the Swiss radio and TV station "DRS". The guests received 5 Deutschmarks (DM) for each "no" answer, for a total prize of 50 DM if their profession was not guessed by the time the panel had given 10 "no" answers.
Canada (French-speaking)
The French Canadian version of What's My Line? was called Chacun son Métier. In the French language, the full phrase is either "à chacun son métier" or "chacun à son métier," but the program was simply called Chacun son Métier which translates from French to English as To Each His Job or To Each His Trade. In 1959, the host of the French Canadian version, Louis Morisset, appeared as a contestant on the American version, on Episode #448 on January 18, 1959. This alternate Canadian version was aired in Canada from 1954 to 1959.
Brazil
The Brazilian version of What's My Line? was called Adivinha o que ele Faz? which translates from Portuguese to English as Guess What He Does? In 1956, the host of the Brazilian version, Heloísa Helena, appeared as a contestant on the American version, on EPISODE #341 on December 16, 1956.
Korea
In 1963, a panelist on the Korean version, Miss Keun Oh Kim, appeared as a contestant on the American version, on Episode #674 on July 28, 1963. The Korean version began in 1956, and was owned by the Korean government and run as a non-profit organization.
Venezuela
The Venezuelan version of What's My Line? was called Mi Trabajo y Yo which roughly translates from Spanish to English as My Job and I. In 1961, the director and moderator of the Venezuelan version, Jacques Lemoine, appeared as a contestant on the American version, on Episode #594 on December 24, 1961.
Show trivia
- The show popularized the phrase "Is it bigger than a breadbox?" A slight variation of this question was first posed by Steve Allen on January 18, 1953, during his 1953 to 1954 tenure as a regular panelist. Over several subsequent episodes, he refined his famous breadbox question. Soon, other panelists were asking this question as well, often crediting Allen, and continued to do so until the end of the series. It became such a running gag that on three separate episodes over the years, the producers booked contestants who made breadboxes and designed breadboxes. One humorous moment came in 1963 when a contestant from England was asked the famous question. He seriously replied, "Oh, I'm English. What's a breadbox?" It wasn't mentioned on the show, but "bread bin" is the usual term in the United Kingdom.
- The final mystery guest in the original version was John Daly himself. Daly alternated between a falsetto "guest" voice and his standard moderator voice, fooling the panel for a significant number of questions. The gimmick had been devised years earlier as a backup plan in case the scheduled mystery guest didn't show up. That event never occurred once in the show's entire run, despite a few close calls, so Daly and the producers decided to use the trick for the final episode. The ruse failed to bamboozle the panel veterans for long, particularly Bennett Cerf, who said while blindfolded, "I smell eight rats." But Francis, who followed, got the biggest laugh when she asked "Are you going to be out of work tomorrow like the rest of us?" When Daly, thinking he had been found out, asked her to guess, she guessed the names of Goodson and Todman, delighting the audience and Daly (who was guessed two questions later).
- What's My Line? won three Emmy Awards for "Best Quiz or Audience Participation Show," in 1952, 1953 and 1958.
- When U.S. President Lyndon Johnson hired Jerri Whittington as the first African-American White House secretary, he chose to announce the fact by arranging Whittington to appear as a contestant. She appeared on Episode #696 on January 19, 1964.
- The name of the closing theme song used on the show from 1950 to 1967 is called "Rollercoaster" and was composed by Louis F. Busch and Milton DeLugg in 1949. It was used for all but a few episodes in the 1959–60 season, when the Raymond Scott composition "The Toy Trumpet" was used.
- The announcer on the British version of the show, which was revived in 1984 by Thames Television with Eamonn Andrews as host, was John Benson — better known as the voice behind the UK version of Sale of the Century.
- In Dodie Smith's 1956 novel The Hundred and One Dalmatians, the dognappers' favorite television program is called What's My Crime?, a parody version of What's My Line? in which the guests are convicted criminals and the panelists are supposed to guess the crime they committed. (They correctly deduce, for instance, that one guest had stolen twenty bathplugs from hotel rooms.) In the 1961 Disney movie One Hundred and One Dalmatians, which was based on Smith's novel, the puppies can be seen watching What's My Crime? on television when Pongo and Perdita arrive to rescue them.
- On many occasions, the panel would be blindfolded during a regular contestant round, or alternatively a contestant would sign in merely as Mr. or Miss X in the presumption that if they were seen by the panel (some of these types of contestants wore job-related uniforms or a style of clothing that would be easily recognized) or their names were revealed (someone well known by name, but not by appearance) their occupation would be either obvious or easier to deduce.
- John Daly's "secret" signal to the panel that their lines of questioning (or individual comments) were becoming too risqué was to tug on his ear. We are aware of this fact due to vintage magazine and newspaper articles which have discussed this signal. John can be seen clearly making this signal in at least one episode — EPISODE #581 of September 17, 1961. When Dr. Gail Ryan, a rather attractive guest, was being questioned and the panelist's line of thought was drifting towards the risqué, John is seen tugging his right ear. When the questioning continues on that line, it appears as though John is about to tug on his left ear but stops abruptly when the panelist (who likely saw this motion) changes the direction of questioning.
- From 1950 to 1952, scores of the earliest kinescopes of What's My Line? were destroyed by the network as a matter of routine. It was not until producer Gil Fates intervened in July, 1952 that this practice was discontinued. Unfortunately for posterity, about one hundred episodes are now forever lost.
- Over the years, What's My Line? sponsors included: Jules Montenier, Inc. products (Stopette Deodorant, Poof!, Finesse Flowing Creme Shampoo), Helene Curtis, Remington Rand, Florida Citrus, Kellogg's Cereals, Allstate Insurance, Mutual of Omaha Insurance, Sunbeam, Contac, Dentu-Creme, Py-Co-Pay, Polaroid Land Cameras, Aprege Perfume, Standard Brands, Geritol, Universal Electrical Appliances, Crest Toothpaste, Bayer Aspirin, Glade by Johnson Wax, Cue Toothpaste with Fluoraction, Supp-hose Stockings, Bufferin by Bristol-Myers, Rose Lotion Vel Liquid Dish Soap, Norelco Speedshaver, Ford Motor Vehicles (Falcon, Mustang, Thunderbird), Champion Spark Plugs, Fleischmann's Margarine, Corning - maker of Centura and Pyrex, Ben-Gay Penetrating Heat Lotion, Phillips Milk of Magnesia Tablets, Diet Delight Low Calorie Canned Fruit, Texaco Gasoline, Bravo Floor Wax by Johnson Wax, Kem-Glo Enamel by Sherwin Williams Paint, Westinghouse, Kleenex Designer Paper Towels by Kimberly-Clark, Polident Denture Tablets, Pet'm daily liquid vitamin food supplement for pets, Nytol Sleep Aid Tablets, Pledge Furniture Polish by Johnson Wax, Prell Shampoo (Procter & Gamble), Tegrin skin cream for psoriasis, Cope pain reliever for women's headaches, Institute of Life Insurance, Crisco Oil, The (Telephone Book) Yellow Pages, Jif Peanut Butter, Maxwell House Coffee, Pronto Push-Button Foam Floor Cleaner from Johnson Wax, Shell No-Pest Strips, Coca-Cola, an electric knife from the Hamilton Beach division of Scovill, Duncan Hines Cake Mix and Post Honeycomb Cereal.
- A parody of What's My Line? called What's My Perversion? appears in the Woody Allen film, Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Sex (But Were Afraid to Ask). The panelists in the segment include a real What's My Line? panelist, Robert Q. Lewis, as well as familiar television celebrities Regis Philbin, Toni Holt, and Pamela Mason. The host is played by Jack Barry, who previously hosted the infamous, rigged game show Twenty One.
- The Goon Show even did an episode that was titled What's My Line?
- According to his early biographer Joe Trimble, baseball legend Yogi Berra — then the manager of the New York Yankees — inadvertently provoked a mild uproar when he appeared as a mystery guest in a 1964 show. The panel guessed the malaprop-prone Berra's identity almost immediately and, to fill out the segment's time, Daly brought forth Berra's still-youthful looking wife, Carmen, introducing her as "Yogi's beautiful bride." Trimble wrote that the CBS switchboards went slightly berserk thanks to angry viewers calling and demanding to know just when Berra had thrown his wife and three sons over for this young woman!