Timeline of trends in music to 1799
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- c. 4000 BC
- Harps and vertical flutes are played in Egypt
- c. 3500 BC
- Double clarinets and lyres are played in Egypt
- c. 3000 BC
- The bamboo pipe is invented in China
- c. 2500 BC
- The five tone system dominates Chinese music
- c. 2000 BC
- The trumpet is played in Denmark
- Percussion instruments are added to Egyptian orchestras
- c. 1500 BC
- Hittites use guitars, lyres, trumpets, tambourines
- Harps are used to accompany dances in Egypt
- c. 1000 BC
- Music accompanies religious ceremonies in Israel
- Entrance Hymn for the Emperor, Chinese, earliest notated music in the world (dating disputed; some scholars believe it may be much later)
- c. 800 BC
- c. 700 BC
- Arion, a Greek composer, invents the strophe and antistrophe
- c. 685 BC
- c. 675 BC
- Terpander invents a new seven-stringed lyre and the Mixolydian scale
- c. 600 BC
- c. 586 BC
- Music becomes a part of the Pythian Games
- c. 550 BC
- The diatonic scale is invented in Greece
- Lasos of Hermione discovers that vibrations are the source of all sound
- c. 500 BC
- Pindar begins writing odes
- Greek choral music reaches its peak
- aulos, citharas, lyres are played in Greece
- Pythagoras of Samos makes great strides in musical theory
- 400 BC
- Trumpet competitions are popular in Greece
- 340 BC
- Aristotle lays the foundation for modern musical theory
- 320 BC
- Aristophanes defines rhythm as tripartite
- 300 BC
- c. 250 BC
- c. 200 BC
- The earliest evidence of music in Japan
- 146 BC
- The Romans conquer Greece and begin exporting its musical knowledge elsewhere in Europe
- 140 BC
- Emperor Han Wudi takes over China and establishes an Imperial Office of Music
- c. 138 BC
- Delphic Hymns composed in Greece; notated versions survive in fragments
- 100 BC (very approximate) The Seikilos epitaph is composed and engraved in Asia Minor, the earliest complete notated musical composition to survive to the present day
- c. 50 BC
- 38 BC
- The Chinese octave is divided into 60 notes
- c. 130
- Mesomedes of Crete composes Hymn to the Sun; a long fragment survives in a notated version
- c. 350
- Antiphonal psalmody appears in Christian churches
- 386
- Ambrose of Milan introduces hymn-singing in the Christian church
- c. 450
- Alternating singing between precentors and parishioners is introduced in Christian churches
- 453
- c. 500
- 521
- Boethius introduces Greek music theory to the West, notoriously mixing up the modes (e.g. ancient Phrygian become modern Dorian)
- c. 600
- 600
- Pope Gregory the Great codifies Roman Catholic liturgical music; monophonic chant is named Gregorian chant in his honor
- c. 600
- 609
- The Celtic crwth appears
- 619
- The Chinese begin using large orchestras
- c. 625
- Isidore of Seville writes a treatise on music theory; famously mentions that it is not possible to notate musical sounds, indicating that ancient art of music notation has been lost
- 650
- Neumes, a system of notation, are introduced in Europe (earliest examples survive from around 800)
- c. 700
- 710
- Beginning of the Nara period in Japan, and the introduction of komagaku and togaku music
- c. 750
- Chant is the principal liturgical religious music throughout Europe, though with significant regional variations
- c. 800
- Earliest notated music to reappear after the loss of the art of notation in the 5th century; neumatic manuscripts from Regensburg
- Approximate date of the unification of the various Christian liturgies (Gallican, Ambrosian, Roman) into one; Gregorian chant becomes unified throughout Europe; possibly occurs under guidance of Charlemagne
- Byzantine wind organs begin to replace water organs
- 810
- A relic of Saint James is said to have been found in Galicia, causing a wave of pilgrims to the area; the result is northern Spain's evolution into a musical mixing pot with influences from across Europe
- c. 820
- 830
- A court musician named Ziryab is expelled from Baghdad; he wound up in Cordoba, where he became the founder of Andalusian music
- 895
- Hucbald, or possibly another anonymous theorist, writes rules for composing organum, a practice which had likely existed for an unknown amount of time prior to his treatise (the Musica enchiriadis)
- 980
- Antiphonarium Codex Montpellier is written
- c. 1000
- c. 1015
- Sight singing is introduced at Pomposa Monastery near Ravenna by Guido of Arezzo
- 1050
- "sys willekommen heirre kerst" is the oldest surviving German Christmas carol
- c. 1050
- The harp is introduced to Europe
- 1050
- The earliest reference to what are believed to be Gypsies as musicians in Constantinople
- c. 1030
- Guido of Arezzo develops a method to learn music by ear, solfège
- c. 1095
- Le Chanson de Roland composed
- c. 1100
- 1116
- 1121
- c. 1125
- Trouveres and troubadours appear in France
- c. 1150
- French troubadours become more organized
- 1176
- The first eisteddfod, or music contests, are held in Cardigan, Wales
- c. 1180
- Minnesingers appear in Germany
- c. 1182
- c. 1190
- Leoninus, a French composer, and others of the Notre Dame school of polyphony develop the ars antiqua style while compiling the Magnus liber organi
- c. 1200
- Pérotin composes his works, considered to be the pinnacle of Notre Dame style, and the culmination of the first half of the ars antiqua
- Hat tuong, which evolved from Chinese opera, appears in Vietnam
- Cymbals are invented
- In England, France and Germany, wandering musicians form collectives to help each other
- Trumpets are used as signals in battle in Europe
- 1208-1218
- Albigensian Crusade effectively exterminates the troubador tradition; surviving musicians and poets leave Provence, moving into adjacent areas, such as northern Italy
- 1220
- 1225
- 1240
- Rhythmic modes described by Johannes de Garlandia in De mensurabili musica; this describes and codifies existing practice
- c. 1250
- Amir Khusrau is said to have invented qawwali, the sitar and the tabla in Pakistan
- Franco of Cologne writes Ars cantus mensurabilis, the first treatise which proposes assigning different note shapes to different rhythmic values
- 1253
- Composition of Franconian motets, multi-lingual, layered compositions based on the ideas of Franco of Cologne, widespread in France
- Kublai Khan arrives in Yunnan, supposedly bringing with him baisha xiyue
- 1262
- Adam de la Halle writes the first operetta, "Le Jeu de la Feuillee"
- c. 1290
- Approximate date of activity of Petrus de Cruce, early composer of motets in the style known as the Petronian motet
- c. 1300
- 1317-1319
- Marchettus of Padua writes the Lucidarium and Pomerium, the theoretical foundation for most Italian trecento music
- c.1322
- Philippe de Vitry publishes the Ars nova, from which the era derives its name, describing the new (mainly French) musical style as already being practiced
- 1324-1325
- Pope John XXII condemns modern music, such as the ars nova, in a papal bull
- c. 1325
- Organ pedals are invented
- "Tournai Mass", the first polyphonic Mass, is written
- c. 1330
- The ars nova style spreads in France
- The Italian trecento style of secular music becomes prominent in northern Italy
- c. 1350
- Meistersingers appear in Germany
- First evidence of a nyckelharpa in Sweden, specifically a carving in K¨lunge church in Götland
- 1352
- Morroccan traveller Ibn Battuta reports the existence of the ngoni and balafon instruments at the court of Mansa Musa
- 1360
- Approximate date of the Robertsbridge Codex, the earliest extant notated keyboard music
- Original forms of the clavichord and cembalo appear
- 1377
- Death of Guillaume de Machaut, traditional end of the ars nova
- Musicians at the papal chapel in Avignon move to Rome, making it the capital of music in Europe
- 1385
- The marriage of Charles VI of France and Isabella of Bavaria-Straubing is the first French court ball
- c. 1390 Peak of activity of the ars subtilior style at Avignon, an avant-garde, rhythmically complex type secular song intended for a small group of connoisseurs
- 1392
- The Choson Dynasty begins in Korea; a rich tradition of court music arises during this dynasty
- c. 1400
- 1400
- c. 1420
- The Burgundian School begins
- c. 1426
- 1428
- 1430
- The Renaissance begins, leading to the increasing popularity of secular music as well as the diversification of musical styles across Europe
- Aak music in Korea is reconstructed from surviving 12th century compositions
- 1433
- Earliest datable use of fauxbourdon, in a motet by Guillaume Dufay
- 1465
- First printed music appears in Europe
- c. 1490
- Ballet appears
- c. 1500
- Broadside ballads begin their period of popularity in England
- Italian madrigals appear
- 1505
- The Portuguese begin colonizing Sri Lanka, forever influencing its culture
- c.1506
- The earliest broadside ballads appear
- 1508
- The Spanish begin their domination of Puerto Rico
- 1520
- 190 copies of a broadside ballad are sold by one merchant in England -- this is a phenomenal amount considering the rarity of literacy at the time, and can be considered the beginning of a British popular music tradition
- 1522
- The Spanish begin mass importation of African slaves to Cuba and other Caribbean islands
- 1544
- Bartol Gyurgieuvits publishes De Turvarum ritu et caermoniis in Amsterdam. It is one of the first European books to describe music in Islamic society.
- 1556
- Printers of broadside ballads in England are required to register with London's Stationers' Company
- 1557
- Printers registered with the Stationer's Company are required to pay four pence for each ballad they produce
- 1562
- Pius IV's Counter-Reformation eliminates all instrumentation except the organ, as well as all secular elements, harmony and folk melodies
- 1564
- Earliest modern violin is made by Andrea Amati in Cremona
- 1565
- Women are banned from singing in Christian churches; the desire for adult female voices leads to the practice of castration
- c.1570
- "Son de la Má Teodora" is the oldest son from Cuba (specifically, Santiago de Cuba)
- Secular vocal music called air de cour becomes popular in France
- 1573
- Count Giovanni de Bardi gathers a group of poets, musicians and humanists (known as the Florentine Camerata), leading to the invention of monody and eventually opera
- 1574
- 1578
- Jean De Léry publishes the first account of Brazilian music, Viagem à Terra do Brasil
- 1587
- Gabriel Soares de Sousa publishes the first account of native Brazilian musical forms, Tratado Descritivo do Brasil
- 1588
- Thomas Morley is the guiding force in the English madrigal school and Nicholas Yonge publishes Musica transalpina
- 1590
- Approximate peak year of the late Italian madrigal style, followed by decline
- c. 1590
- 1598
- Jacopo Peri's Dafne is the first Italian opera
- c. 1600
- 1600
- Artusi publishes his famous attack on modern music, resulting in Monteverdi's defense, and description of the evolving new styles
- 1602
- Giulio Caccini's Le nuove musiche, including a manifesto on the new monodic style, is published
- 1606
- The first open-air operas appear in Rome
- 1607
- Claudio Monteverdi writes Orfeo, an influential early Baroque opera
- 1609
- 1610
- Airs de cour enter their peak of respectability in upper-class French households
- 1627
- The English Madrigal School declines
- 1631
- The first professional female singers in Europe for several centuries appear in England for a production of Chloridia
- 1635
- The end of the peak period for airs de cour
- 1639
- Virgilio Mazzocchi and Marco Marazzoli write the first comic opera, Chi Soffre Speri
- 1648
- The aria and the recitative became separate parts of opera
- c. 1650
- Beginning of modern harmony
- The overture emerges
- Airs de cour stop being widely performed in France
- 1652
- c. 1660
- 1664
- The French horn is added to European orchestras
- 1675
- Matthew Locke's Psyche is the oldest surviving English opera
- 1685
- Johann Sebastian Bach and George Frederick Handel are born; they will be the two most influential Baroque composers
- First ballets arrive in Germany
- 1688
- Fearing that slaves would use them to organize revolts, colonial officials in Barbados ban slave dances and the use of drums and horns
- c. 1690
- Andalusian ballads arrive in Puerto Rico, vastly influencing future forms of music including the decima
- 1696
- The sonata is introduced
- c. 1700
- The pianoforte is invented by Bartolomeo Cristofori
- 1705
- French horns appear in an opera for the first time -- Octavia by Reinhard Keiser
- 1709
- The Stationer's Company stops requiring printers to pay four pence for the production of ballads
- 1711
- The clarinet is added to European orchestras
- 1719
- Dimitrie Cantemir writes the first book on Turkish music
- 1720
- The ländler, a German and Austrian dance, becomes popular
- 1722
- Rameau publishes Traité de l'harmonie réduite à ses principes naturels
- 1725
- Vivaldi writes The Four Seasons
- c. 1740
- 1742
- 1750
- Bach dies; this is often considered the end of the Baroque period and the beginning of the relatively simple Classical period
- 1751
- c. 1760
- The quadrille is introduced in France
- 1762
- Christoph Willibald von Glück writes Orfeo ed Euridice with the express purpose ofreturning opera to its roots
- British troops conquer Havana, bringing with them flutes, clavichords, pianos and other instruments
- 1767
- The Burmese sack Ayuthaya and bring Thai musicians to their homeland, thus leading to a mixture of Burmese, Thai and Cambodian musics in Burma and elsewhere in southeast Asia
- 1769
- The arrival of Captain Cook in New Zealand signals the end to the isolation of Maori music
- 1770
- William Billings publishes The New England Psalm Singer, an influential collection of songs
- 1772
- The barrel organ is invented
- 1773
- 1774
- 1780
- Sebastiano Carezo invents the bolero in Spain
- 1783
- 1786
- Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's The Marriage of Figaro premiers
- 1787
- Mozart's Don Giovanni premiers
- c. 1790
- Bumba-meu-boi, a form of comedic dance, is popular in Brazil
- 1791
- The waltz is popular in England
- The Haitian Revolution sends refugees to Cuba, bringing with them native musical forms (see: charanga)
- 1794
- "Tammany, or The Indian Chief" by James Hewitt is one of the first American operas
- 1796
- Mungo Park, a Scottish explorer, sees a kora being played in one of the Mande courts; this is the first verifiable sighting of the instrument, now the dominant instrument in Malian music