Affricate consonant

Affricate consonants begin as stops (most often an alveolar, such as Template:IPA or Template:IPA), but release as a fricative such as Template:IPA or Template:IPA (or, in a couple of languages, into a fricative trill) rather than directly into the following vowel.

1 Samples
2 Notation
3 Affricates vs. stop-fricative sequences
4 List of affricates
5 See also

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Samples

The English sounds spelt "ch" and "j" (transcribed Template:IPA and Template:IPA in IPA), German and Italian z Template:IPA and Italian z Template:IPA are typical affricates. These sounds are fairly common in the world's languages, as are other affricates with similar sounds, such as those in Polish and Chinese. However, other than Template:IPA, voiced affricates are relatively uncommon. For several places of articulation they aren't attested at all.

Much less common are e.g. labiodental affricates, such as Template:IPA in German, or velar affricates, such as Template:IPA in Tswana (written kg) or High Alemannic Swiss German dialects (depending on the dialect also uvular Template:IPA). Worldwide, only a few languages have affricates in these positions, even though the corresponding stop consonants are virtually universal. Also less common are alveolar affricates where the fricative is lateral, such as the Template:IPA sound found in Nahuatl and Totonac. Many Athabaskan languages (such as Dene Suline and Navajo) have series of coronal affricates which may be unaspirated, aspirated, or ejective in addition to being interdental/dental, alveolar, postalveolar, or lateral, i.e. Template:IPA, Template:IPA, Template:IPA, Template:IPA, Template:IPA, Template:IPA, Template:IPA, Template:IPA, Template:IPA, Template:IPA, Template:IPA, and Template:IPA. Affricates may also be contrasted by palatalization, as in the Erzya language, where voiceless alveolar, postalveolar and palatal affricates are contrasted. Affricates may also have phonemic length, that is, affected by a chroneme, as in Karelian.

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Notation

Affricates are often represented by the two sounds they consist of (e.g. Template:IPA, Template:IPA). However, single signs for the affricates may be desirable, in order to stress that they function as unitary speech segments (i.e. as phonemes). In this case, the IPA recommends to join the two elements of the affricate by a tie bar (e.g. Template:IPA, Template:IPA). Ligatures are available in Unicode for the six common affricates Template:IPA, Template:IPA, Template:IPA, Template:IPA, Template:IPA, and Template:IPA.

Another method is to indicate the release of the affricate with a superscript: Template:IPA, Template:IPA. This is derived from the IPA convention of indicating other releases with a superscript.

In other phonetic transcription systems, such as the Americanist system, the affricates Template:IPA, Template:IPA, Template:IPA, Template:IPA, Template:IPA, and Template:IPA are represented as <c> or <¢>; <j>, <ƶ>, or (older) Template:IPA; <c> or <č>; <ǰ>, <ǧ>, or (older) <ǯ>; <ƛ>; and <λ> or <dl> respectively. Within the IPA, Template:IPA and Template:IPA are sometimes transcribed as palatal stops, Template:IPA and Template:IPA.

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Affricates vs. stop-fricative sequences

Affricates can contrast with stop-fricative sequences. Examples include:

Polish: Template:IPA in czysta 'clean (f.)' vs. Template:IPA in trzysta 'three hundred',

and

Klallam: Template:IPA in Template:IPA 'look at me' vs. Template:IPA in Template:IPA 'he looks at it'.

The difference is that in the stop-fricative sequence, the stop has a release of its own before the fricative starts, but in the affricate, the fricative element is the release. Stop-fricative sequences may have a syllable boundary between the two segments.

Affricates and stop-fricative sequences are also distinguished phonemically. In English, Template:IPA and Template:IPA (as in nuts and nods) are considered to be sequences of a stop phoneme and a fricative phoneme even though they are phonetically affricates, because they may have a morpheme boundary in them (e.g. nuts is nut + s). The real English affricate phonemes Template:IPA and Template:IPA cannot have a morpheme boundary, and in order to show that they are not sequences of phonemes, they can be written with the ligatures or tie bars, or different characters Template:IPA and Template:IPA, avoiding the ambiguous Template:IPA and Template:IPA.

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List of affricates

In the case of coronals, the symbols Template:IPA are normally used for the stop portion of the affricate regardless of place. For example, Template:IPA is commonly seen for Template:IPA. For legibility, the tie bars have been removed from the table entries.

The exemplar languages are ones that these sounds have been reported from, but in several cases they may need confirmation.

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The more common of the voiceless affricates are all attested as ejectives as well: Template:IPA. Several Khoisan languages such as !Xóõ are reported to have voiced ejective affricates, but these are actually consonant clusters: Template:IPA. Affricates are also commonly aspirated: Template:IPA, and occasionally murmured: Template:IPA. Labialized, palatalized, velarized, and pharyngealized affricates also occur.

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Affricate consonant

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Contents

Samples

Notation

Affricates vs. stop-fricative sequences

List of affricates

Sibilant affricates

Non-sibilant affricates

Lateral affricates

Trilled affricates

See also

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