Emergency contraception

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Emergency contraception (EC) (also known as Emergency Birth Control (EBC), the morning-after pill, or postcoital contraception) refers to measures, that if taken after sex may prevent a pregnancy.

Forms of EC include:

  • Emergency contraceptive pill —referred to simply as "emergency contraception," "ECPs," or "ECs", or "morning-after pill" —are hormones that act both to prevent ovulation or fertilisation, or the subsequent implantation of a fertilised egg (zygote). ECPs are not to be confused with chemical abortion drugs like Mifepristone (formerly RU-486) that act after implantation has occurred.
  • Intrauterine devices (IUDs) - usually used as a primary contraception method, but sometimes used as emergency contraception.

As opposed to regular methods of contraception, ECs are considered for use in occasional cases only, for example in the event of contraceptive failure. Since they act before implantation, they are considered medically and legally to be forms of contraception. However, some who take the pro-life viewpoint choose to measure a pregnancy from conception, which means they classify some contraceptives, including EC, as abortion. (See Controversy section for more detail.)

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ECPs

Emergency contraceptive pills (ECPs), are an oral drug containing high doses of the same hormones found in regular oral contraceptive pills, which, when taken after unprotected sexual intercourse, may prevent pregnancy from occurring.

There are several mechanisms of action by which such drugs may work. Depending on the time during the menstrual cycle that they are taken, this drug may inhibit or delay ovulation, inhibit tubal transport of the ovum or sperm cell, interfere with fertilization. In cases where it fails to prevent fertilization, it may prevent implantation; however, studies into the method of action of progesterone-only ECP have called into question whether ECPs do actually disrupt or prevent implantation.Template:RefTemplate:Ref In this respect, emergency contraceptive pills work by triggering the same hormonal changes in the body as regular birth control pills or even breastfeeding — but they require much higher doses and are less effective than ongoing hormonal contraceptives.

The phrase "morning-after pill" is a misnomer that is falling out of use due to the fact they are licensed for use up to 72 hours after sexual intercourse. Emergency contraception or "emergency contraceptive pills" is the phrase preferred by the medical community. Unlike forms of chemical abortion such as Mifepristone, emergency contraception does not end pregnancies and will not harm a developing embryo.

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Types of ECPs

Emergency hormonal contraception is available in two main forms: the original version is the combined or Yuzpe regimen which uses large doses of both estrogen and progesterone taken as two doses at 12 hour intervals. This technique is believed to be approximately 75% effective depending on how soon it is taken after unprotected intercourse. With this regimen being less effective, and causing more side effects, than the more recently introduced progesterone-only method, specific products are being withdrawn (Preven in the United States, Schering PC4 in the United Kingdom and Tetragynon in France).

The progesterone-only method uses the progesterone levonorgestrel in a dose of 1.5 mg, either as two 750 microgram doses 12 hours apart, or more recently, as a single dose. This method is now known to be more effective (up to 89 percent) and better tolerated (less nausea or vomiting) than the Yupze method Template:Ref, and is available in the U.S. and Canada as Plan B, in the UK as Levonelle, and in France as NorLevo.

"Dedicated products" such as Plan B and Levonelle are specifically designed and marketed as emergency contraceptive pills. It is also possible to obtain the same dosage of hormones, and therefore the same effect, by taking a number of normal Progesterone only pills.

ECPs are most effective the sooner they are takenTemplate:Ref. The limit of 72 hours is based on a study by the WHOTemplate:Ref. A subsequent WHO study has suggested reasonable effectiveness continues for up to 120 hours (5 days)Template:Ref, however many doctors (particularly in the UK) advise alternative methods for between 72 and 120 hours. These are covered below.

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ECPs as a birth control method

Emergency contraception cannot be recommended as the main means of birth control because it is not as effective as any ongoing method of contraception. It also does not protect against sexually-transmitted infections. However, it is used by some as a back-up when other means of contraception have failed—for example, if a woman has forgotten to take a birth control pill or when a condom is torn during sex. It is also a first line of treatment for victims of sexual assault.

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Contraindications & Interactions

Emergency contraception pills should not be used by women who are already pregnant, have a history of heart attack, stroke, or blood clots, or patients with severe liver disease or the very rare condition of porphyria.

The herbal preparation of St John's wort and enzyme-inducing drugs (e.g. anticonvulsants or rifampicin) may reduce the effectiveness of ECP and a larger dose may be required (Levonorgestrel 1500mcg initial dose and an extra 750mcg after 12 hours)Template:Ref else consider the use of an IUD (see below).

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Side effects

The most common side effect of emergency contraception pills are nausea, abdominal pain, fatigue, headache, menstrual changes, dizziness, vomiting, and breast tenderness. These side effects are normally resolved within 24 hours. The rate of these effects occurring is less for progesterone-only pills when compared to combined pills. For a more detailed analysis, please consult the patient information leaflet associated with the brand of EC in question.

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Intrauterine device used for emergency contraception

An alternative to emergency contraceptive pills is the copper-T intrauterine device (IUD) which can be used up to 5 days (In some cases 7 days [1]) after unprotected intercourse to prevent pregnancy. Insertion of an IUD is more effective than use of Emergency Contraceptive Pills, reducing the risk of pregnancy following unprotected intercourse by more than 99%. IUDs may then be left in place following the subsequent period to provide contraception for a number of years (3-10 depending upon type and country-specific licensing - see IUD ).

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International availability

As of early 2001, women of age 16 and higher may obtain emergency contraception in the United Kingdom without a prescription. This was challenged by an anti-abortion group, but the High Court of Justice of England and Wales let the rule stand in April 2002.

In 2000, the American Medical Association issued a non-binding recommendation that emergency contraception be available over-the-counter without a prescription in the U.S. On December 16, 2003, an advisory committee to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommended that the pill be made available over the counter.[2] The committee voted 23 to 4 that the drug should be sold over-the-counter and 27 to 0 that the drug could be safely sold as an over-the-counter medication. However, in May of 2004 the FDA refused this strong recommendation and prohibited over-the-counter sale. The FDA claimed that this was due to limited experimental data on the effects of such pills on girls under 16 years of age, but critics have accused the FDA of basing the decision on political pressure. [3] One year later, a new application from the makers of Plan B requested over-the-counter status for women aged 16 and older, but the January 2005 deadline for the FDA decision on this application has come and gone without a decision. The FDA had more recently pledged to rule on the application by September 1 2005, but this deadline has been extended for at least 60 days. However, in the United States, as of March 2006, eight states (California, Washington, Alaska, Hawaii, New Mexico, Maine, New Hampshire and Massachusetts) had passed laws permitting trained pharmacists to dispense emergency contraception without a doctor's prescription. On November 3, 2005, HR 4229 was introduced in the United States House of Representatives, which would require the FDA to make a decision on Plan B.

In a number of instances across the United States, pharmacists have refused to give women emergency contraception even with a legal prescription. These pharmacist refusals have created great controversy. Pro-life pharmacists who believe that emergency contraception is equivalent to abortion, or who, for personal moral or religious reasons oppose the use of birth control pills for unmarried women, or at all, have in a number of instances across the United States asserted a right of conscience to refuse to fill those prescriptions. The American Pharmacists Association has proposed conscience clauses or refusal clauses that would allow pharmacists to opt out of filling prescriptions they found morally offensive as long as they referred women to other pharmacists who would fill the prescription.

Women's rights and pro-choice organizations have expressed concern that in many parts of the country there may not be reasonably accessible alternatives to fill a prescription; and that having a prescription refused is intimidating and upsetting to women who are likely to be in a crisis situation. As well, in the instance of emergency contraception, there is a short window of time during which EC is effective. Advocates for women say that conscience clauses are often overly broad, and that women have a right to medically appropriate, effective, and legal reproductive health services without being refused such services because of the medical professional's personal beliefs.

In May 2004, Canada's Health Minister announced that Plan B would soon become available from pharmacists in all provinces without a prescription. This occurred on April 28, 2005. The new system would still require the person to purchase the pills directly from the pharmacist.

In January 2000, France decided to dispense emergency contraception in junior and high schools by school nurses without prescription, because of high rates of undesired pregnancies among teenaged girls; after strong opposition from the Roman Catholic Church, and much debate around the fact the teenager could later suffer from the doubt of not knowing whether fertilization had occurred or not, the decision was overruled by a court in July 2000. The French parliament changed the relevant law in October 2000 and now school nurses are again able to dispense the drugs. The emergency contraception pill NorLevo is now available in France without prescription, without parent authorization, and free of charge for teenagers under the age of 18 since January 9, 2002.

Emergency contraception is available without prescription in the following 43 countries: Albania, Australia, Belgium, Benin, Bulgaria, Cameroon, Canada, China, Congo, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, French Polynesia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea-Conakry, Iceland, India, Israel, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Latvia, Lithuania, Madagascar, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Senegal, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, the United Kingdom and Uruguay.

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Controversy

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Emergency contraception in relation to abortion

The emergency contraception pill should not be confused with mifepristone (also called Mifeprex, and formerly known as RU-486), an abortifacient which is taken to end a pregnancy after implantation has occurred. The morning-after pill must be taken before implantation, or it will have no effect.

Emergency contraception may, however, prevent the implantation of an embryo in cases where it fails to prevent fertilization in the first place. Although the United States Food and Drug Administration, National Institutes of Health, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and other health agencies define pregnancy as beginning with implantation, some pro-life medical professionals, embryology texts, and activists argue that preventing implantation is unethical, as the blastocyst (early-stage embryo) then dies instead of growing into a fetus and, ultimately, being carried to term.

Recent medical studies in animals (the rat and the monkey) were inconclusive as to how often or whether emergency contraception prevents implantation; however, this mechanism of action cannot be ruled out in all cases, as it is impossible to prove a negative. Therefore, women who believe it is immoral to prevent a fertilized egg from implanting may wish to avoid use of this drug.

"I feel very strongly that this shouldn’t be about abortion politics. This is a way to prevent unwanted pregnancy and thereby prevent abortion. This should be something we all agree on." – Dr. Susan F. Wood (former director of the FDA Office of Women's Health who resigned in protest after the FDA denied over-the-counter status to EC).
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Issues against

Pro-Life groups often label emergency contraceptives as "abortion pills", rather than "contraceptive pills." In a statement regarding the morning-after pill, the American Association of Pro-Life Obstetricians & Gynecologists states:

"One must be careful of the terminology. Many now speak of "conception" as that moment when the human blastocyst, the early ball of approximately 100 cells, implants in the mother's uterus (womb). The time from actual fertilization (sperm and egg unite in the Fallopian Tube) until implantation, a period of about 7-10 days, is ignored, even though no genetic change occurs in the cells during this time period. Many family planning specialists who have supported the terminology change can thus rationalize that the destruction of the human embryo between fertilization and implantation should be labeled "contraception," rather than "early abortion." [4]
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Issues for

Different drugs also have variant effects, as they may use different mechanism for action, and dosages of hormone. In May of 2005, a study was published showing that Plan B 'appears to work by interfering with ovulation, thus preventing fertilization, and not by disrupting events that occur after fertilization.' Template:Ref

In addition, manufacturers of oral contraceptives have long claimed that the Pill provides three lines of defense against pregnancy: it prevents ovulation (most of the time), blocks sperm by thickening cervical mucus, and, should all else fail, theoretically reduces the chances that a fertilized egg will implant in the uterus by hormonally altering the uterine lining.

However, it is not known if this post-fertilization effect actually happens. "There is no evidence that the Pill's effect on the uterine lining interferes with implantation or has a post-fertilization effect," says contraception expert Felicia Stewart, MD, codirector of the Center for Reproductive Health Research and Policy in San Francisco. "Documenting it would be a very difficult research task."

David Grimes, MD, a clinical professor in obstetrics and gynecology at the University of North Carolina School of Medicine, says the Pill and other hormonal contraceptives work primarily by preventing ovulation.

Consensus comes from a surprising source. "The post-fertilization effect was purely a speculation that became truth by repetition," says Joe DeCook, MD, a retired OB/GYN and vice president of the American Association of Pro-Life Obstetricians and Gynecologists. "In our group the feelings are split. We say it should be each doctor's own decision, because there is no proof."

Further clouding the issue is the fact that even among women trying to become pregnant — women obviously not taking the Pill — embryos naturally fail to implant 40 to 60 percent of the time. These are eliminated upon the next menstruation.

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U.S. Legal Controversies

A Massachusetts law that went into effect on 14 December, 2005, requires all hospitals in the state to provide emergency contraception to any "female rape victim of childbearing age" [5] including Catholic Hospitals who oppose the provision of emergency contraception. In a letter criticizing the joint UN/WHO Inter-agency Field Manual on Reproductive Health in Refugee Situations, the Catholic Church explains their belief that emergency contraception, along with IUDs and hormonal contraception, cannot be considered "solely contraceptive because in the case of effective fertilisation a chemical abortion would be carried out during the first days of pregnancy." [6] The Catholic position on family planning is explained further in Ethical and Religious Directives for Catholic Health Care Services. [7] Because of this expressed moral stance against emergency contraception, the Massachusetts Catholic Conference opposed this law, stating interference with religious freedom.

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Related statistics and studies

  • More than 300,000 women are sexually assaulted each year in the US. Of these an estimated 25,000 will become pregnant as a result. About 22,000 of these pregnancies could be prevented if all women who were raped had easy access to emergency contraception.
  • Nearly one half of America's 6.3 million annual pregnancies are accidental.
  • Unintended pregnancies result in 1.4 million abortions annually.
  • A study in the UK found that "the shift towards greater promotion of emergency contraception appears to have worsened the impact of STI rates since 2000."
  • In 1998, Washington was the first state to allow women to get emergency contraception directly from a pharmacist, without first going to a doctor. Doctors and pharmacies collaborated and set up criteria that women were required to meet in order to receive emergency contraception. There were almost 35,600 prescriptions filled from February 1998 until the trial expired in June 2001.
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References

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External links

es:Píldora del día después fr:Pilule du lendemain it:Pillola del giorno dopo

ko:사후 피임약 nl:Morning-afterpil

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