Kirshenbaum
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Kirshenbaum, sometimes called ASCII-IPA, is a system used to represent the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) in ASCII. It was developed for Usenet, notably the newsgroups sci.lang and alt.usage.english. It is named after Evan Kirshenbaum, who led the collaboration that created it.
Like the more common SAMPA, the system uses lower-case letters to represent the directly corresponding IPA character. However, the mapping used to represent other characters often differs. For example:—
| Sound | IPA | SAMPA | Kirshenbaum |
|---|---|---|---|
| ae ligature | Template:IPA | { | & |
| reversed script a | Template:IPA | Q | A. |
| reversed epsilon | Template:IPA | 3 | V" |
| primary stress | Template:IPA | " | ' |
| secondary stress | Template:IPA | % | , |
Contents |
Kirshenbaum charts of consonants and vowels
This chart is based on information provided in the Kirshenbaum specification.[1], [2] It may also be helpful to compare it to the SAMPA chart or X-SAMPA chart.
Consonant chart
| Kirshenbaum chart of consonants
(the paired signs are voiceless/voiced consonants) | |||||||||||||
| Bilabials | Labiodentals | Dentals | Alveolars | Retroflexes | Palato-alveolars | Palatals | Velars | Uvulars | Labiovelars | Pharyngeals | Glottals | Alveolar laterals | |
| Nasals | m | M | n[ | n | n. | n^ | N | n" | n<lbv> | ||||
| Stops | p b | t[ d[ | t d | t. d. | c J | k g | q G | t<lbv> d<lbv> | ? | ||||
| Fricatives | P B | f v | T D | s z | s. z. | S Z | C C<vcd> | x Q | X g" | w<vls> w | H H<vcd> | h<?> | s<lat> z<lat> |
| Approximants | r<lbd> | r[ | r | r. | j | j<vel> | g" | w | h | ||||
| Laterals | l[ | l | l. | l^ | L | ||||||||
| Trills | b<trl> | r<trl> | r" | ||||||||||
| Flaps | * | *. | *<lat> | ||||||||||
| Ejectives | p` | t[` | t` | c` | k` | q` | |||||||
| Implosives | b` | d` | d` | J` | g` | G` | |||||||
| Clicks | p! | t! | c! | c! | k! | l! | |||||||
Consonant modifiers and diacritics
Modifiers and diacritics follow the symbol they modify.
| Modifier/diacritic | Meaning |
| ! | Click |
| " | Uvular |
| - | Syllabic |
| . | Retroflex |
| ; | Palatalized |
| [ | Dental |
| ^ | Palatal |
| ` | Voiced: Implosive Unvoiced: Ejective |
| ~ | Velarized |
| <?> | Murmured |
| <H> | Pharyngealized |
| <h> | Aspirated |
| <j> | Palatalized |
| <o> | Unexploded |
| <r> | Rhoticized |
| <w> | Labialized |
Vowel chart
| Kirshenbaum simplified chart of vowels (the paired signs are unrounded/rounded vowels; symbols in parentheses designate vowels that exist in some spoken languages, but do not have IPA signs) | ||||
| Front | Central | Back | Rhotic | |
| Close | i y | <tt>i" u" | u- u | |
| Near-close | <tt>I I. | (U-) U | ||
| Close-mid | e Y | @<umd> @. | o- o | R<umd> |
| Mid | @ | R | Open-mid | E W | V" O" | V O |
| Near-open | & | &" | (no symbols) | |
| Open | a a. | (a" A".) | A A. | |
Vowel modifiers and diacritics
Modifiers and diacritics follow the symbol they modify.
| Modifier/diacritic | Meaning |
| ~ | Nasalized |
| : | Long |
| - | Unrounded |
| . | Rounded |
| " | Centralized |
| <?> | Murmured |
| <r> | Rhoticized |
Stress is indicated by ' for primary stress, and , for secondary stress, placed before the stressed syllable.
Similar German Name
Kirschenbaum (with a c after the s) is a German last name that means 'cherry tree' in English.
See also
- International Phonetic Alphabet
- SAMPA
- X-SAMPA
- International Phonetic Alphabet for English
- IPA chart for English