Kirshenbaum

From Free net encyclopedia

Kirshenbaum, sometimes called ASCII-IPA, is a system used to represent the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) in ASCII. It was developed for Usenet, notably the newsgroups sci.lang and alt.usage.english. It is named after Evan Kirshenbaum, who led the collaboration that created it.

Like the more common SAMPA, the system uses lower-case letters to represent the directly corresponding IPA character. However, the mapping used to represent other characters often differs. For example:—

Sound IPA SAMPA Kirshenbaum
ae ligature Template:IPA { &
reversed script a Template:IPA Q A.
reversed epsilon Template:IPA 3 V"
primary stress Template:IPA " '
secondary stress Template:IPA % ,

Contents

Kirshenbaum charts of consonants and vowels

This chart is based on information provided in the Kirshenbaum specification.[1], [2] It may also be helpful to compare it to the SAMPA chart or X-SAMPA chart.

Consonant chart

Kirshenbaum chart of consonants
(the paired signs are voiceless/voiced consonants)
  Bilabials Labiodentals Dentals Alveolars Retroflexes Palato-alveolars Palatals Velars Uvulars Labiovelars Pharyngeals Glottals Alveolar laterals
Nasals   m   M    n[   n   n.   n^   N   n"   n<lbv>
Stops p b t[ d[ t d t. d. c J k g q G t<lbv> d<lbv> ?
Fricatives P B f v T D s z s. z. S Z C C<vcd> x Q X g" w<vls> w H H<vcd> h<?> s<lat> z<lat>
Approximants r<lbd> r[ r r. j j<vel> g" w h
Laterals l[ l l. l^ L
Trills b<trl> r<trl> r"
Flaps   *   *. *<lat>
Ejectives p` t[` t` c` k` q`
Implosives b` d` d` J` g` G`
Clicks p! t! c! c! k! l!

Consonant modifiers and diacritics

Modifiers and diacritics follow the symbol they modify.

Modifier/diacriticMeaning
!Click
"Uvular
-Syllabic
.Retroflex
;Palatalized
[Dental
^Palatal
`Voiced: Implosive
Unvoiced: Ejective
~Velarized
<?>Murmured
<H>Pharyngealized
<h>Aspirated
<j>Palatalized
<o>Unexploded
<r>Rhoticized
<w>Labialized

Vowel chart

Kirshenbaum simplified chart of vowels
(the paired signs are unrounded/rounded vowels; symbols in parentheses designate vowels that exist in some spoken languages, but do not have IPA signs)
Front Central Back Rhotic
Close i y <tt>i" u" u- u
Near-close <tt>I I. (U-) U
Close-mid e Y @<umd> @. o- o R<umd>
Mid @ R
Open-mid E W V" O" V O
Near-open & &" (no symbols)
Open a a. (a" A".) A A.

Vowel modifiers and diacritics

Modifiers and diacritics follow the symbol they modify.

Modifier/diacriticMeaning
~Nasalized
:Long
-Unrounded
.Rounded
"Centralized
<?>Murmured
<r>Rhoticized

Stress is indicated by ' for primary stress, and , for secondary stress, placed before the stressed syllable.

Similar German Name

Kirschenbaum (with a c after the s) is a German last name that means 'cherry tree' in English.

See also

External links

fi:Kirshenbaum fr:Kirshenbaum