X-SAMPA

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The Extended SAM Phonetic Alphabet (X-SAMPA) is a variant of SAMPA developed in 1995 by John C. Wells, professor of phonetics at the University of London. It was designed to unify the individual language SAMPA alphabets, and extend SAMPA to cover the entire range of characters in the International Phonetic Alphabet.

The result is a SAMPA-inspired recasting of the IPA into 7-bit ASCII.

Contents 1 Summary 1.1 Notes 1.2 Lowercase symbols 1.3 Uppercase symbols 1.4 Other symbols 1.5 Diacritics 2 See also 3 External links

Summary

Notes

• The IPA symbols that are ordinary lower-case letters have the same value in X-SAMPA as they do in the IPA.
• X-SAMPA uses a following backslash as an escape character to create a new symbol. For example O is a distinct sound from O\, to which it bears no relation. (Note that it is a convention among some conlangers to use an asterisk (e.g., O*) instead of backslash).
• X-SAMPA diacritics follow the symbols they modify. Except for ~ for nasalization, = for syllabicity, and ` for retroflexion and rhotacization, diacritics are joined to the character with the underscore character _.
• The underscore character is also used to encode the IPA tiebar.
• The numbers _1 to _6 are reserved diacritics as shorthand for language-specific tone numbers.

Lowercase symbols

XS	IPA	IPA	Description	Examples
a	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-a.png	open front unrounded vowel	French dame [dam], Spanish padre ["paD4e]
b	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-b.png	voiced bilabial plosive	English bed [bEd], French bon [bO~]
b_<	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-b lessthan.png	voiced bilabial implosive
c	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-c.png	voiceless palatal plosive	Hungarian latyak ["lAcAk]
d	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-d.png	voiced alveolar plosive	English dig [dIg], French doigt [dwa]
d`	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-d'.png	voiced retroflex plosive	Swedish hord [hu:d`]
d_<	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-d lessthan.png	voiced alveolar implosive
e	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-e.png	close-mid front unrounded vowel	French ses [se]
f	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-f2.png	voiceless labiodental fricative	English five [faIv], French femme [fam]
g	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-g.png	voiced velar plosive	English game [geIm], French longue [lO~g]
g_<	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-g lessthan.png	voiced velar implosive
h	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-h.png	voiceless glottal fricative	English house [haUs]
h\	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-hslash.png	voiced glottal fricative
i	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-i.png	close front unrounded vowel	English be [bi:], French oui [wi], Spanish si [si]
j	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-j2.png	palatal approximant	English yes [jEs], French yeux [j2]
j\	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-jslash2.png	voiced palatal fricative	Greek γειά [j\a]
k	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-k.png	voiceless velar plosive	English cat [k{t], Spanish carro ["kar:o]
l	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-l.png	alveolar lateral approximant	English lay [leI], French mal [mal]
l`	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-l'.png	retroflex lateral approximant	Svealand Swedish sorl [so:l`]
l\	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-lslash.png	alveolar lateral flap	Japanese phoneme /r/
m	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-m.png	bilabial nasal	English mouse [maUs], French homme [Om]
n	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-n.png	alveolar nasal	English nap [n{p], French non [nO~]
n`	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-n'.png	retroflex nasal	Swedish hörn [h2:n`]
o	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-o.png	close-mid back rounded vowel	French gros [gRo]
p	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-p.png	voiceless bilabial plosive	English leap [li:p], French pose [poz], Spanish perro ["per:o]
p\	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-pslash.png	voiceless bilabial fricative	Japanese fuku [p\M_0kM]
q	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-q.png	voiceless uvular plosive	Arabic qasbah ["qQs_Gba]
r	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-r.png	alveolar trill	Spanish perro ["per:o]
r`	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-r'.png	retroflex flap
r\	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-rslash2.png	alveolar approximant	English red [r\Ed]
r\`	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-rslash'.png	retroflex approximant
s	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-s.png	voiceless alveolar fricative	English seem [si:m], French session [se"sjO~]
s`	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-s'.png	voiceless retroflex fricative	Swedish mars [mas`]
s\	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-sslash.png	voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative	Polish świerszcz [s\v'ErStS]
t	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-t.png	voiceless alveolar plosive	English too [tu:], French raté [Ra"te], Spanish tuyo ["tujo]
t`	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-t'.png	voiceless retroflex plosive	Swedish mört [m2t`]
u	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-u.png	close back rounded vowel	English boom [bu:m], Spanish su [su]
v	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-v.png	voiced labiodental fricative	English vest [vEst], French voix [vwa]
v\ (or P)	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-Porvslash.png	labiodental approximant	Dutch west [v\Est]/[PEst]
w	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-w2.png	labial-velar approximant	English west [wEst], French oui [wi]
x	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-x.png	voiceless velar fricative	Scots loch [lQx]
x\	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-xslash2.png	voiceless palatal-velar fricative	Swedish sjal [x\A:l]
y	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-y.png	close front rounded vowel	French tu [ty] German über ["y:b6]
z	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-z.png	voiced alveolar fricative	English zoo [zu:], French azote [a"zOt]
z`	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-z'.png	voiced retroflex fricative
z\	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-zslash.png	voiced alveolo-palatal fricative	Polish źrebak ["z\rEbak]

Uppercase symbols

XS	IPA	IPA	Description	Example
A	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-A2.png	open back unrounded vowel	English father ["fA:D@(r\)] (RP and Gen.Am.)
B	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-B2.png	voiced bilabial fricative	Spanish lavar [la"Ba4]
B\	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-Bslash.png	bilabial trill	Reminiscent of shivering ("brrr")
C	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-C2.png	voiceless palatal fricative	German ich [IC], English human ["Cum@n] (broad transcription uses [hj-])
D	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-D2.png	voiced dental fricative	English then [DEn]
E	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-E2.png	open-mid front unrounded vowel	French même [mEm], English met [mEt]
F	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-F.png	labiodental nasal	English emphasis ["EFf@sIs] (spoken quickly, otherwise uses [Emf-])
G	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-G2.png	voiced velar fricative	Greek γωνία [Go"nia], Danish vælge ["vElG@]
G\	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-Gslash.png	voiced uvular plosive
G\_<	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-Gslash lessthan.png	voiced uvular implosive
H	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-H.png	labial-palatal approximant	French huit [Hi]
H\	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-Hslash.png	voiceless epiglottal fricative
I	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-I2.png	near-close near-front unrounded vowel	English kit [kIt]
I\	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-Islash.png	central lax close unrounded vowel, not in IPA
J	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-J.png	palatal nasal	Spanish año ["aJo], English canyon ["k{J@n] (broad transcription uses [-nj-])
J\	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-Jslash.png	voiced palatal plosive	Hungarian egy [EJ\]
J\_<	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-Jslash lessthan.png	voiced palatal implosive
K	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-K2.png	voiceless alveolar lateral fricative	Welsh llaw [KaU_^]
K\	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-Kslash.png	voiced alveolar lateral fricative
L	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-L2.png	palatal lateral approximant	Italian famiglia [fa"miLa], Castilian llamar [La"mar], English million ["mIL@n] (broad transcription uses [-lj-])
L\	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-Lslash.png	velar lateral approximant	English phoneme /5/
M	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-M.png	close back unrounded vowel	Korean 으 (eu)
M\	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-Mslash.png	velar approximant	Spanish fuego ["fweM\o]
N	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-N2.png	velar nasal	English thing [TIN]
N\	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-Nslash.png	uvular nasal	Japanese san [saN\]
O	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-O2.png	open-mid back rounded vowel	British English thought [TO:t], American English off [O:f]
O\	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-Oslash.png	bilabial click
P (or v\)	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-Porvslash.png	labiodental approximant	Dutch west [PEst]/[v\Est], allophone of English phoneme /r\/
Q	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-Q.png	open back rounded vowel	British English lot [lQt]
R	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-R2.png	voiced uvular fricative	French roi [Rwa]
R\	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-Rslash.png	uvular trill	German phoneme /r/
S	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-S2.png	voiceless postalveolar fricative	English ship [SIp]
T	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-T2.png	voiceless dental fricative	English thin [TIn]
U	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-U2.png	near-close near-back rounded vowel	English foot [fUt]
U\	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-Uslash.png	central lax close rounded vowel, not in IPA
V	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-V.png	open-mid back unrounded vowel	English strut [str\Vt]
W	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-X.png	voiceless labial-velar fricative	Scots when [WEn]
X	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-x2.png	voiceless uvular fricative	Welsh bach [baX]
X\	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-Xslash.png	voiceless pharyngeal fricative	Arabic ha’ [X\?]
Y	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-Y2.png	near-close near-front rounded vowel	German hübsch [hYpS]
Z	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-Z2.png	voiced postalveolar fricative	English vision ["vIZ@n]

Other symbols

XS	IPA	IPA	Description	Example
.	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-fullstop.png	syllable break
"	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-doublequotes.png	primary stress
%	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-percentage.png	secondary stress
' (or _j)	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-'or j.png	palatalized
:	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-colon.png	long
:\	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-colonslash.png	half long	Estonian differentiates three vowel lengths
-	Template:IPA		separator
@	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-at.png	schwa	English arena [@"r`i:n@]
@\	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-atslash.png	close-mid central unrounded vowel
{	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-leftcurly.png	near-open front unrounded vowel	English trap [tr\{p]
}	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-rightcurly.png	close central rounded vowel	Swedish sju [x\}:]
1	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-1.png	close central unrounded vowel	Welsh tu [t1], American English rose's ["r\oUz1z]
2	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-2.png	close-mid front rounded vowel	Danish købe ["k2:b@], French deux [d2]
3	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-3.png	open-mid central unrounded vowel	English nurse [n3:s] (RP) or [n3`s] (Gen.Am.)
3\	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-3slash.png	open-mid central rounded vowel
4	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-4.png	alveolar flap	Spanish pero ["pe4o], American English better ["bE4@`]
5	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-l eor5.png	velarized alveolar lateral approximant; also see _e	English milk [mI5k]
6	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-6.png	near-open central vowel	German besser ["bEs6], Australian English mud [m6d]
7	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-7.png	close-mid back unrounded vowel	Estonian kõik [k7ik], Occurs in Vietnamese
8	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-8.png	close-mid central rounded vowel	Swedish buss [b8s]
9	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-9.png	open-mid front rounded vowel	French neuf [n9f], Danish drømme [dR9m@]
&	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-amper.png	open front rounded vowel
?	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-questionmark.png	glottal stop	Danish stød [sd2?], Cockney English bottle ["bQ?l]
?\	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-qmarkslash.png	voiced pharyngeal fricative	Arabic ‘ayn
*	Template:IPA		undefined escape character, SAMPA's "conjunctor", used by some conlangers instead of \
/	Template:IPA		indeterminacy in French vowels
<	Template:IPA		begin nonsegmental notation (e.g., SAMPROSA)
<\	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-lessthanslash.png	voiced epiglottal fricative
>	Template:IPA		end nonsegmental notation
>\	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-greaterthanslash.png	epiglottal plosive
^	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-hat.png	upstep
!	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-exclamation.png	downstep
!\	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-exclamationslash.png	postalveolar click
	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-bar.png	minor (foot) group
\	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-barslash.png	dental click
		Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-doublebar.png	major (intonation) group
\|\	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-doublebarslash.png	lateral alveolar click
=\	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-equalsslash.png	palatal click
-\	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-dashslash.png	linking mark

Diacritics

XS	IPA	IPA	Description
_"	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa- doublequotes.png	centralized
_+	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa- plus.png	advanced
_-	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa- minus.png	retracted
_/	Template:IPA		rising tone
_0	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa- 0.png	voiceless
_<	Template:IPA		implosive (IPA uses separate symbols for implosives)
= (or _=)	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-equalsor equals.png	syllabic
_>	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa- greaterthan.png	ejective
_?\	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa- questionslash.png	pharyngealized
_\	Template:IPA		falling tone
_^	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa- hat.png	non-syllabic
_}	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa- rightcurly.png	no audible release
`	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-'rhino.png	rhotacization in vowels, retroflexion in consonants (IPA uses separate symbols for consonants, see t` for an example)
~ (or _~)	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-tildor tild.png	nasalization
_A	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa- A.png	advanced tongue root
_a	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa- a2.png	apical
_B	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa- B.png	extra low tone
_B_L	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa- B L.png	low rising tone
_c	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa- c.png	less rounded
_d	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa- d.png	dental
_e	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa- e.png	velarized or pharyngealized; also see 5
<F>	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-ltFgt.png	global fall
_F	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa- F.png	falling tone
_G	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa- G.png	velarized
_H	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa- H.png	high tone
_H_T	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa- H T.png	high rising tone
_h	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa- h.png	aspirated
_j (or ')	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-'or j.png	palatalized
_k	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa- k.png	creaky voice
_L	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa- L.png	low tone
_l	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa- l.png	lateral release
_M	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa- M.png	mid tone
_m	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa- m.png	laminal
_N	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa- N.png	linguolabial
_n	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa- n2.png	nasal release
_O	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa O.png	more rounded
_o	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa- o.png	lowered
_q	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa- q.png	retracted tongue root
<R>	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa-ltRgt.png	global rise
_R	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa- R.png	rising tone
_R_F	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa- R F.png	rising falling tone
_r	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa- r.png	raised
_T	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa- T.png	extra high tone
_t	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa- t.png	breathy voice
_v	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa- v.png	voiced
_w	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa- w.png	labialized
_X	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa- X.png	extra-short
_x	Template:IPA	Image:Xsampa- x.png	mid-centralized

See also

• International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
• International Phonetic Alphabet for English
• SAMPA, a language-specific predecessor of X-SAMPA.
• SAMPA chart for English
• Kirshenbaum, a similar system.
• List of phonetics topics

External links

• Computer-coding the IPA: A proposed extension of SAMPA
• X-SAMPA to IPA comparison chart
• Online converter between IPA and X-Sampade:X-SAMPA

es:X-SAMPA fr:X-SAMPA ko:X-SAMPA hu:X-SAMPA ja:X-SAMPA pt:X-SAMPA zh:X-SAMPA