Accidents and incidents in aviation

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An aviation accident is an incident on board an aircraft causing injury or death to one or more persons. The U.S. National Transportation Safety Board definition of an aviation accident is as follows:

An occurrence associated with the operation of an aircraft which takes place between the time any person boards the aircraft with the intention of flight and all such persons have disembarked, and in which any person suffers death or serious injury, or in which the aircraft receives substantial damage.

An aviation incident is an occurrence other than an accident, associated with the operation of an aircraft, which affects or could affect the safety of operations.

Other countries adopt a similar approach, although there are minor variations, such as to the extent of aviation-related operations on the ground, covered, as well as with respect to the thresholds beyond which an injury is considered serious or the damage is considered substantial.

Contents 1 History 2 Causes 3 Safety 4 The NTSB 5 Well-known aviation incidents 6 Helicopter crashes 6.1 Iraq war 7 Picture Gallery 7.1 Trans World Airlines - Flight 800 7.2 Pan American Airways - Flight 103 7.3 Pan American Airways - Flight 1736 / KLM Royal Dutch Airlines - Flight 4805 8 See also 8.1 Lists of commercial airliner accidents 8.2 Lists of military aircraft accidents 8.3 Specific events 8.4 Air safety 8.5 Other 9 External links

History

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"Flying is not inherently dangerous, but to an even greater extent than the sea, it is terribly unforgiving of carelessness, incapacity, or neglect" Anon.

Since the birth of flight, aircraft have crashed, often with serious consequences. This is due to the unforgiving nature of flight, where a relatively insubstantial medium, air, supports a significant mass. Should this support fail, there is limited opportunity for a good outcome. Because of this, aircraft design is concerned with minimizing the chance of failure, and pilots are trained with safety a primary consideration. Despite this, accidents still occur, though statistically flying is nowadays an extremely safe form of transportation. In fact, the relative rarity of incidents, coupled with the often dramatic outcome, is one reason why they still make headline news. Nevertheless, while the odds of actually getting caught in a plane crash are nowadays distinctly low compared to other means of transportation, the chances of not surviving such a desaster are notably higher.

Many early attempts at flight ended in failure when a design raised to a height for a launch would fail to generate enough lift and crash to the ground. Some of the earliest aviation pioneers lost their lives testing aircraft they built.

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Otto Lilienthal died after a failure of one of his gliders. On his 2500th flight (August 10, 1896), a gust of wind broke the wing of his glider, causing him to fall from a height of roughly 56 ft (17 m), fracturing his spine. He died the next day, with his last words being reported as Opfer müssen gebracht werden! ("sacrifices must be made").

Percy Pilcher was another promising aviation pioneer. Pilcher died testing The Hawk (September 20, 1899). Just as with Lilienthal, promising designs and ideas for motorized planes were lost with his death. Some other early attempts experienced rough landings, such as Richard Pearse who is generally accepted to have crash landed (survived) a motorized aircraft in some bushes, unable to gain altitude after launching from it from some height.

The Wright Flyer nearly crashed on the day of its historic flight, sustaining some damage when landing. Thomas Selfridge became the first person killed in a powered airplane on September 17, 1908 when Orville Wright crashed after propeller failure of his one-passenger plane during military tests at Fort Myer in Virginia.

Causes

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An accident survey [1] of 2,147 airplane accidents from 1950 through 2004 determined the causes to be as follows:

• 37%: Pilot error
• 33%: Undetermined or missing in the record
• 13%: Mechanical failure
• 7%: Weather
• 5%: Sabotage (bombs, hijackings, shoot-downs)
• 4%: Other human error (air traffic controller error, improper loading of aircraft, improper maintenance, fuel contamination, language miscommunication etc.)
• 1%: Other cause

The survey excluded military, private, and charter aircraft.

Safety

Aviation safety has come a long way in over one hundred years of implementation. In modern times, two major aircraft manufacturers still co-exist: Boeing of the United States of America and Airbus of Europe. Both have placed huge emphasis on the use of aviation safety equipment, now a billion-dollar industry in its own right, and made safety a major selling point -- realizing that a poor safety record in the aviation industry is a threat to corporate survival. Some major safety devices now required in commercial aircraft involve:

• Evacuation slides - aid rapid passenger exit from an aircraft in an emergency situation.
• Advanced avionics - Computerized auto-recovery and alert systems.
• Turbine Engine durability improvements
• Landing gear that can be lowered and raised even after loss of power and hydraulics.

The NTSB

Image:Ntsb seal.gif In the United States, many civil aviation incidents have been investigated by the National Transportation Safety Board. When investigating an aviation disaster, NTSB investigators piece together evidence from the crash and determine the likely cause(s). Some accidents the NTSB has reported include:

Date	Location	Operator	Make/Model	Fatal	Surviving
01/13/82	Washington, D.C.	Air Florida	Boeing 737-222	70	4
01/23/82	Boston, MA	World Airways	McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30	2	198
07/09/82	New Orleans, LA	Pan American World Airways	Boeing 727-235	137	0
11/08/82	Honolulu, HI	Pan American World Airways	Boeing 747-100	1	274
01/09/83	Brainerd, MN	Republic Airlines	Convair 580-11-A	1	29
10/11/83	Pinckneyville, IL	Air Illinois	Hawker Siddeley HS-748-2A	7	0
01/01/85	La Paz, Bolivia	Eastern Air Lines	Boeing 727-225	21	0
01/21/85	Reno, NV	Galaxy Airlines	Lockheed 188C	64	1
08/02/85	Dallas/FT Worth, TX	Delta Airlines	Lockheed L-1011-385-1	126	26
09/06/85	Milwaukee, WI	Midwest Express Airlines	Douglas DC-9-14	27	0
12/12/85	Gander, Newfoundland	Arrow Airways	Douglas DC-8-63	248	0
02/04/86	Near Athens, Greece	Trans World Airlines	Boeing 727-231	4	110
02/14/87	Durango, MX	Ports OF Call	Boeing 707-323B	1	125
08/16/87	Romulus, MI	Northwest Airlines	McDonnell Douglas DC-9-82	148	1
11/15/87	Denver, CO	Continental Airlines	McDonnell Douglas DC-9-14	25	52
12/07/87	San Luis Obispo, CA	Pacific Southwest Airlines	British Aerospace Bae-146-200	38	0
08/31/88	Dallas/FT Worth, TX	Delta Airlines	Boeing 727-232	12	89
12/21/88	Lockerbie, Scotland	Pan American World Airways	Boeing 747-121	243	0
02/08/89	Santamaria, Azores	Independent Air	Boeing 707	137	0
02/24/89	Honolulu, HI	United Airlines	Boeing 747-122	9	328
07/19/89	Sioux City, IA	United Airlines	McDonnell Douglas DC-10-10	110	175
09/20/89	Flushing, NY	USAir	Boeing 737-400	2	55
12/27/89	Miami, FL	Eastern Air Lines	Boeing 727-225B	1	46
10/03/90	Cape Canaveral, FL	Eastern Air Lines	McDonnell Douglas DC-9-31	1	90
12/03/90	Romulus, MI	Northwest Airlines	McDonnell Douglas DC-9-14	7	33
02/01/91	Los Angeles, CA	Usair	Boeing 737-300	20	63
03/03/91	Colorado Spgs, CO	United Airlines	Boeing 737-291	20	0
03/22/92	Flushing, NY	Usair	Fokker 28-4000	25	22
07/02/94	Charlotte, NC	Usair	Douglas DC-9-30	37	20
09/08/94	Aliquippa, PA	Usair	Boeing B-737-300	127	0
10/31/94	Roselawn, IN	American Eagle	Atr-72-212	64	0
12/20/95	Cali, Colombia	American Airlines	Boeing B-757	152	4
05/11/96	Miami, FL	Valujet Airlines	McDonnell Douglas DC-9	105	0
07/06/96	Pensacola, FL	Delta Airlines	McDonnell Douglas MD-88	2	140
07/17/96	Moriches, NY	Trans World Airlines	Boeing 747	212	0
08/02/97	Lima, Peru	Continental Airlines	Boeing 757-200	1	141
12/28/97	Pacific Ocean	United Airlines	Boeing 747	1	373
06/01/99	Little Rock, AR	American Airlines	McDonnell Douglas MD-80	10	129
01/31/00	Point Mugu, CA	Alaska Airlines	McDonnell Douglas MD-83	83	0
09/11/01	New York City, NY	American Airlines	Boeing 767-200	81	0
09/11/01	New York City, NY	United Airlines	Boeing 767-200	56	0
09/11/01	Arlington, VA	American Airlines	Boeing 757-200	58	0
09/11/01	Shanksville, PA	United Airlines	Boeing 757	37	0
11/12/01	Belle Harbor, NY	American Airlines	AirBus Industrie A300-600	251	0
01/08/03	Charlotte, NC	US Airways Express	Beech 1900	19	0
10/19/04	Kirksville, MO	Corporate Airlines	British Aerospace Jetstream 32	13	2

Well-known aviation incidents

• A United Airlines Boeing 247 was destroyed by a nitroglycerin bomb on October 10, 1933, over Chesterton, Indiana, killing all ten aboard. This was the first proven case of air sabotage.
• The zeppelin LZ129 Hindenburg caught fire while approaching to land at Lakehurst Naval Air Station in New Jersey on May 6, 1937 — the fire destroyed the largest airship ever built and killed 35 of the 97 onboard and 1 on the ground, effectively ending the era of commercial lighter-than-air travel.
• On January 5 1941, a plane veered off course in bad weather and crashed into the river Thames's estuary. The pilot, Amy Johnson, disappeared without a trace.
• A B-25 Mitchell bomber hit the Empire State Building on July 28, 1945.
• A De Havilland Comet crashed in Jalalogori, India soon after take-off from Calcutta (now Kolkata) on May 2, 1953 — the first of a series of crashes that led to Comet 1 fleet being grounded and eventually scrapped.
• The Grand Canyon Midair Collision, on June 30, 1956, in which a TWA Lockheed Super Constellation and a United Airlines Douglas DC-7 collided while flying over the Grand Canyon in Arizona, killing all 128 passengers and crew members aboard both aircraft.
• The Munich air disaster on February 6, 1958, in which an Airspeed Ambassador carrying members of the Manchester United football club crashed while attempting to take off in slushy conditions.
• The Day The Music Died - February 3, 1959, plane crash that killed Richie Valens, Buddy Holly, and The Big Bopper
• The 1960 New York air disaster, on December 16, 1960, in which a United Airlines Douglas DC-8 jet collided with a TWA Lockheed Super Constellation propliner over Staten Island, New York. The Constellation crashed onto a military airfield; the United jet careened into the Park Slope section of Brooklyn, where it crashed and exploded. All 128 occupants of both planes and six persons on the ground died.
• Aer Lingus Flight 712 in 1968. 61 passengers and crew were lost aboard a Vickers Viscount 803 EI-AOM from Cork to London when it crashed in mysterious circumstances into the sea off Tuskar Rock, County Wexford. No definite cause has been found. Some have speculated that the aircraft may have suffered a missile strike
• The LANSA Lockheed Electra OB-R-941 on a flight from Lima to Pucallpa, Peru, broke apart in mid-air after being set aflame by lightning on December 24, 1971. It crashed in the Amazon Rainforest. 91 people died; the sole survivor was Juliane Koepcke, a 17-year old girl who survived the 2-mile fall and a 10-day walk through the jungle before being found by hunters. Her mother, famous ornithologist Maria Koepcke, died; director Werner Herzog had narrowly missed being on the same flight.
• The Andes flight disaster of 1972, in which the passengers who survived the crash had to resort to cannibalism to stay alive.
• The Zagreb mid-air collision on September 10, 1976, British Airways Trident Three and Inex-Adria Aviopromet DC-9 collided over Zagreb VOR, 176 people died.
• The Tenerife disaster: on March 27, 1977, two Boeing 747 airliners, from KLM Royal Dutch Airlines and PanAm collided on the runway of Los Rodeos Airport, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, killing 583 people. It is the worst accidental disaster in the history of aviation.
• The crash of Pacific Southwest Airlines Flight 182, in San Diego, California on September 25, 1978, following the PSA Boeing 727-214 jetliner's midair collision with a Cessna. California's worst aviation disaster to date, with a death toll of 144.
• American Airlines Flight 191, May 25, 1979. The DC-10's engine fell off soon after take-off from Chicago O'Hare. 273 dead.
• The Mount Erebus disaster, in 1979, in which an Air New Zealand DC-10 flew into Mount Erebus, Antarctica.
• 28 July, 1982 - 12 passengers die in a small airplane crash in Lindale, Texas, including gospel music singer/pioneer Keith Green and his two children.
• The Air Canada Flight 143 (the "Gimli Glider") crash-landed in Gimli, Manitoba, Canada on July 23, 1983 after the airplane ran out of fuel because of a metric conversion error during refueling. Only a few passengers were slightly injured, and none were killed.
• Korean Air Flight 007 — Shot down by Soviet Union fighter planes. All 269 passengers and crew on board died.
• The Air India Bombing of June 23, 1985 was the largest mass-murder in Canadian history, caused by a bomb placed in checked luggage.
• Japan Airlines Flight 123 — the worst single-aircraft disaster in history, killing 520 people. A failure to use enough rivets while repairing the plane led to the tail being blown off, causing all hydraulics to be lost and possibly causing the pilots to suffer hypoxia. The pilots learned to use engine thrust to control the plane to some extent but it eventually crashed into a mountain.
• The USS Vincennes shot down Iran Air Flight 655 over the Persian Gulf, claiming to have mistaken it for an F-14 fighter. All 290 passengers on board were killed.
• Ramstein airshow disaster August 28 1988
• Pan Am Flight 103 — Also known as the 'Lockerbie Bombing' or the 'Lockerbie Disaster' in the UK. On December 21 1988 Boeing 747 was destroyed in mid-air by a bomb, killing all 278 on board and another 11 on the ground
• United Flight 232, in which the main hydraulics and both redundant back-ups were severed by a broken fan blade. The flight crew maneuvered the craft by skilled thrust application. Over 100 passengers died, but the pilots were praised for averting a total catastrophe.
• China Airlines Flight 140 crashed at Nagoya Airport on April 26, 1994, killing 264 people.
• Tarom Flight 371 crashed near Baloteşti in Romania on 31 March 1995, All persons on board (10 crew and 50 passengers) perished
• In April 1994, an attempted hijacking conducted by suicidal flight engineer Auburn Calloway aboard FedEx Flight 705 was foiled by the flight crew, who all the same suffered grievous injuries due to the several blows to the head from hammers used in the attempted takeover, which began - and ended - at Memphis.
• TWA Flight 800 exploded over the Atlantic Ocean on July 17, 1996, killing all 230 people onboard.
• AeroPeru Flight 603 crashed because of a maintenance error on October 2, 1996, killing 70 people.
• Ethiopian Airlines Flight 961 was hijacked off the coast of Africa, with the hijackers demanded that the plane fly to Australia. The plane, which lacked the amount of fuel to fly that distance, was flown into the sea by the captain. Of the 175 people onboard, 50 survived.
• Korean Air Flight 801 crashed near Guam Antonio B. Won Pat International Airport on August 6, 1997, killing 228 people.
• China Airlines Flight 676 crashed near Taipei's C.K.S. Int'l Airport on February 16, 1998 killing all 196 aboard and 9 on the ground
• Swissair Flight 111 crashed into the ocean near Nova Scotia, Canada on September 2, 1998. The plane was a McDonnell Douglas MD-11 on a scheduled airline flight from John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City to Cointrin International Airport in Geneva, Switzerland. All 229 people on board were killed.
• Mandarin Airlines Flight 642 crashed on Hong Kong International Airport during landing on August 22, 1999, killing 3 people.
• EgyptAir Flight 990 dove into the Atlantic Ocean on October 31, 1999
• Air France Flight 4590 was a Concorde flight from Charles de Gaulle International Airport near Paris, France to John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City, New York, which crashed on July 25, 2000, in Gonesse, France shortly after takeoff, killing all on board and four on the ground. The crash led to the end of Concorde flights.
• R&B singer Aaliyah was killed when a Cessna flying her and a film crew to Miami crashed in the Bahamas on August 25, 2001.
• 9/11 — American Airlines Flight 11 and United Airlines Flight 175 were intentionally crashed into the World Trade Center buildings in Manhattan, New York on September 11, 2001, killing all on board and 2595 on the ground. Concurrently, American Airlines Flight 77 and United Airlines Flight 93 were crashed in related terrorist attacks, into The Pentagon in Washington, D.C. and in Shanksville, Pennsylvania, respectively. As with the World Trade Center attacks, all on board these two flights were killed, as well as 125 in the Pentagon.
• American Airlines Flight 587 crashed in Queens, New York minutes after take-off on November 12, 2001, killing all 260 people onboard.
• China Airlines Flight 611 broke up near Penghu Islands mid-air on May 25, 2002, killing all 225 people on board.
• Bashkirian Airlines Flight 2937, Tupolev 154, collided mid-air with a DHL-owned cargo plane near the German town of Überlingen on July 1, 2002. All 71 people aboard both planes were killed (52 were Russian children travelling to Spain on a school trip). Skyguide, The private Swiss airspace control company responsible for directing the two planes has since accepted blame for the crash. In a bizarre footnote to this case, the father of one of the Russian children later traveled to the private residence of the flight controller who was blamed the most for the accident and stabbed him with a knife. Just hours later, said flight controller died in hospital from severe internal injury and massive blood loss.
• On July 27, 2002, a Ukrainian Air Force Sukhoi SU-27 fighter jet crashed into a crowd of spectators during an aerobatics performance at an airshow in Lviv, Ukraine. Both pilots ejected and landed safely, however 84 people on the ground died and more than 100 were injured, making this the worst airshow disaster to date.

• A DHL cargo plane over Baghdad, Iraq, suffered a complete loss of hydraulics after a surface-to-air missile (fired by terrorists in 2003) set fire to its left wing. On this plane, this caused a total loss of control. However, the pilots and flight engineer managed to both stablize (keep the plane flying level) and steer the plane using engine thrust and became the first crew to successfully land a plane using this method. The crew have been awarded some of the highest honours in aviation.
• Flash Airlines Flight 604 crashed shortly after take-off from Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt, on January 3, 2004. All 135 passengers and 13 crew were killed.
• Helios Airways Flight 522, Boeing 737-31S, crashed into a mountain between Marathon and Varnavas on August 14, 2005 killing 121.
• Air France Flight 358 overshot the runway when landing at Pearson Airport, Toronto, Canada during a heavy thunderstorm on August 2, 2005, slid into a ravine meters away from Highway 401, the busiest Canadian highway filled with rush-hour traffic, and was completely destroyed by fire. All 297 passengers and 12 crew survived the accident.
• West Caribbean Airways Flight 708 crashed in a mountainous region in northwest Venezuela on the morning of Tuesday, August 16, 2005, killing all 152 passengers and eight crew. It was the worst crash to date in Venezuelan history.
• TANS Peru Flight 204 crashed near Pucallpa, Peru on August 23, 2005. At least 41 people died and about 50 survived.
• Mandala Airlines Flight 091 crashed into a heavily-populated residential area seconds after taking off from Polonia International Airport in Medan, Indonesia on September 5, 2005.
• An Iranian Air Force C-130 crashed into a residential area in Tehran on December 6, 2005, killing at least 120.
• On December 8, 2005, Southwest Airlines Flight 1248 overshot the runway at Chicago Midway Airport. One of the vehicle's front tires crushed a minivan, killing one 5-year-old boy and injuring two other people inside the van.

Helicopter crashes

• September 23, 2005, Heli USA Airways, Haena, HI
• September 20, 2003, Sundance Helicopters, Grand Canyon West, AZ
• July 23, 2003, Jack Harter Helicopters, Waialeale Crater, Kauai, HI
• An RAF Chinook helicopter crashed on the Mull of Kintyre in Scotland in 1994.
• Graham 'Shirley' Strachan (lead singer of the Skyhooks) died in 2001 in a helicopter crash in Queensland, Australia
• Alia al Hussein died in a helicopter crash in Amman, Jordan and Amman airport was afterwards renamed Queen Alia International Airport
• Abdul Salam Arif was killed in a helicopter crash in southern Iraq
• Proton's CEO, Tan Sri Yahaya Ahmad was killed in a helicopter crash in 1997
• René Barrientos died as the result of a helicopter crash near Arque village in Bolivia.
• Bill Graham died in a helicopter crash in 1991
• Aleksandr Lebed died in a helicopter crash in bad weather in 2002
• Patriarch Petros VII of the Orthodox Church of Alexandria died in a helicopter crash on September 11, 2004, in the Aegean Sea near Greece, killing him and several other clergy, including Bishop Nectarios of Madagascar
• Disney's second in command, Frank Wells, died in a helicopter crash
• Two MH-60 Black Hawks were shot down in the Battle of Mogadishu, the incident on which the book and film Black Hawk Down were based
• Actor Vic Morrow died on the set of Twilight Zone: The Movie on July 23, 1982 while holding two small children. A helicopter being used on the set spun out of control and crashed, decapitating him and one of the children with its blades. The remaining child was crushed as the helicopter crashed. Everyone inside the helicopter was unharmed. The accident led to massive reforms in U.S. child labor laws and safety regulations on movie sets in California.
• April 7, 2001 - An M-17 helicopter crashes into mountain in south of Hanoi, Vietnam killing 16. The flight was carrying United States armed forces personnel searching for MIAs from Vietnam War
• Guitarist Stevie Ray Vaughan died in a helicopter crash on August 27, 1990, after performing a show in East Troy, Wisconsin. While flying from East Troy to Chicago, the helicopter encountered heavy fog and crashed into a hillside, killing all aboard. Eric Clapton was originally going to be on the helicopter, but gave his seat to Stevie.
• 1995 - A helicopter just off Aberdeen, north-east Scotland,in the North Sea, was struck by lightning and crashed into the water, but all the crew survived on a life raft.

Iraq war

Main article: List of Coalition aircraft crashes in Iraq

• August 12, 2005 - AH-64 Apache crashes near Kirkuk, injuring the two pilots.
• May 31, 2005 - An Italian AB-412 helicopter crashes near Nasiriyah, killing the four soldiers on board.
• December 15, 2004 - A helicopter crashes near Karbala after it suffers engine failure; 3 Polish soldiers are killed and 4 injured.
• September 8, 2004 - Helicopter crashes 20 miles south of Fallujah; all 4 crew members survive.
• April 7, 2004 - US helicopter crashes near Baquba.
• March 21, 2003 - 4 Marines killed as helicopter crashes.

Picture Gallery

Pictures of some famous air disasters:

Trans World Airlines - Flight 800

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Pan American Airways - Flight 103

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Pan American Airways - Flight 1736 / KLM Royal Dutch Airlines - Flight 4805

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To see the extended picture gallery go to: Air Disasters Picture Gallery

See also

Lists of commercial airliner accidents

• Grouped by airline
• Grouped by location
• Grouped by year
• Grouped by cause (see subcategories)
• Grouped alphabetically

Lists of military aircraft accidents

• List of notable incidents and accidents on military aircraft

Specific events

• Cavalese cable-car disaster (United States Marine Corps EA-6B Prowler jet cut off cable of a cable-car, killing 20 people)
• Kegworth air disaster (Boeing 737 G-OBME crashed on the embankment of Britain's M1 motorway after an engine failure)
• Manchester air disaster (Boeing 737 caught fire on the ground after an engine failure)
• Munich air disaster (Airspeed Ambassador crashed attempting take-off during a blizzard)
• Staines air disaster (Trident stalled and crashed shortly after takeoff)
• Superga air disaster, aircraft crashed into the Superga hills outside Turin

Air safety

• Air safety
• National Transportation Safety Board (US investigation authority)
• Air Accidents Investigation Branch (UK investigation authority)
• Transportation Safety Board of Canada (Canada investigation authority)
• Aviation archaeology

Other

• Disaster
• Aircraft hijacking
• List of deaths by aircraft misadventure
• List of people who died in aviation-related incidents
• List of space disasters

External links

• Aviation Safety Network Established in 1996. The ASN Safety Database contains descriptions of over 12200 airliner, military and corporate jet aircraft accidents/incidents since 1943.
• National Transportation Safety Board Accident Database & Synopses
• [2], editorial citing examples of most severe consequences of pilot error and other human error
• Check-Six.com Celebrities/Famous People Killed in Plane Crashes
• PlaneCrashInfo.com Data, photos and sounds.
• Computer-Related Incidents with Commercial Aircraft: A Compendium of Resources, Reports, Research, Discussion and Commentary, compiled by Peter B. Ladkin et al.
• AirDisaster.com An online aviation accident database.

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