Trieste

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For other uses, see Trieste (disambiguation).

Template:Infobox CityIT| 

 frazioni          = See list |
 telephone         = 040|
 postalcode        = 34100|
 gentilic          = Triestini|
 saint             = San Giusto|
 day               = November 3 |
 mayor              =  Roberto Dipiazza (since 2001) |
 website           = www.comune.trieste.it |

}} Trieste (Latin Tergeste, Italian Trieste, German and Friulian Triest, Slovenian and CroatianTrst) is a city and port in northeastern Italy right on the border to Slovenia. Trieste is located at the head of the Gulf of Trieste on the Adriatic Sea. With a population of 211,184 (2001) it is capital of the autonome region Friuli-Venezia Giulia and Trieste province.

Trieste flourished as part of Austria-Hungary during the period 1857 - 1918 when it was Central Europe's prosperous mediterranean sea port and its capital of literature and music.

Today, Trieste is a cross border town par excellence. The population is an ethnic mix of the neighboring regions; The dominant local Venetian dialect of Trieste is called Triestine ("Triestin" - pronounced Template:IPA, in Italian "Triestino"). This dialect and Italian are spoken in the city center while Slovenian is partially spoken in many of the immediate suburbs. Italian- and Slovenian-speaking locals are considered autochthonous to people in the surrounding border regions of mostly Friulian Friuli and mostly Croatian Istria. Trieste is also home to a fair number of German-speakers.

The economy depends on the port and trade with its neighboring regions. Throughout the Cold War Trieste was peripheral, but is rebuilding some of its former influence.

The sights in Trieste include numerous Baroque and Classicist architecture from its Austrian past, the International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Triest University and a beautiful coastline outside the city.

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History

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Ancient era and the Middle Ages

The area of what is now Trieste was settled by the Carni, an Indo-European tribe (whence the name Carso) since the 3rd millennium BC. Subsequently the area was populated by the Histri, an Illyrian people, who remained the main civilization until the 2000 BC, when the Palaeo-Veneti came.

By 177 BC, the city was under the governance of the Roman republic. Trieste was granted the status of a colony under Julius Caesar, who recorded its name as Tergeste in his Comentarii de bello Gallico (51 BC). Image:PA110015.JPG.jpg Image:Trieste 003.jpg After the end of the Western Roman Empire (in 476), Trieste remained a Byzantine military centre. In 788 it became part of the Frank kingdom, under the authority of their count-bishop. From the year 1081 the city was loosely under the Aquileia's patriarchy, developing into a free commune at the end of the 12th century. After two centuries of war against the nearby major power, the Republic of Venice (under whose rule it remained briefly from 1369 to 1372), the Triestins donated the city to Leopold III von Habsburg, duke of Austria. The citizens, however, mantained a certain degree of autonomy well until the 17th century.

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Modern age

Trieste had grown into an important port and trade hub. It was constituted a free port by Emperor Charles VI and remained a free port from 1719 until July 1 1891. The reign of his successor, Maria Theresa of Austria, marked for Trieste in particular the beginning of a flourishing era.

The city was occupied by French troops three times during the Napoleonic Wars, in 1797, 1805 and 1809. In the latter occasion it was annexed to the Illyrian Provinces by Napoleon. In this period Trieste lost in a definitive way its autonomy (even when it was returned to the Austrian Empire in 1813), and status of free port was interrupted.

Following the Napoleonic Wars, Trieste continued to prosper as the Imperial Free City of Trieste (Reichsunmittelbare Stadt Triest) and it became capital of the Austrian Littoral region, the so-called Küstenland. Its role as the principal Austrian commercial port and shipbuilding center was later emphasized by the Foundation of the Austrian Lloyd in 1836 and the construction of the Vienna-Trieste Austrian Southern Railway, completed in 1857. Image:Karte Triest.png

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Annexion to Italy

In the beginning of the 20th century, Trieste was a buzzing cosmopolitan city frequented by artists such as James Joyce, Italo Svevo and Umberto Saba. The city was part of the so-called Austrian Riviera and a very real part of Mitteleuropa. The particular Friulian dialect, called Tergestino, spoken until the beginning of the 19th century, had been gradually supplanted by a mix of other tongues, including Italian, Venetian, German and Slovenian called Triestine. While Italian was the language of the major part of the population, German was the official language. Viennese architecture and coffeehouses mark the streets of Trieste still today.

Together with Trento, Trieste was the main seat of the irredendist movement, who aimed to the annexion to Italy of all the lands historically inhabited by culturally Italian people. After World War I ended and Austria-Hungary disintegregated, Trieste was transferred to Italy (1920) along with the whole Julian March (Venezia Giulia). The annexion, however, brought a loss of importance for the city, reduced to a border one deprived of a true hinterland. The Slovenian ethnic group (forming about the 25 % of the population) was also suppressed by the Fascist Regime. This led to a period of inner strain, which culminated on April 13 1920, when a group of Italian nationalists burnt the Narodni Dom (National House), the cultural centre of Trieste's Slovenians and Slavs.

After the constitution of the Italian Social Republic, on September 23 1943, Trieste was nominally absorbed into this entity. The Germans, however, annexed it to a Adriatic Littoral Operation Zone, which included also Gorizia and Ljubljana and was led by Austrian Friedrich Rainer. Under the Nazi occupation, the sole Italian example of extermination camp was constructed near Trieste, at the Risiera di San Saba, on April 4, 1944. The city also suffered from the partisan activity and from Allied bombardments.

On April 30, 1945 the Italian anti-fascist Comitato di Liberazione Nazionale (CLN) of don Marzari and Fonda Savio, with only 3500 volunteers, freed the town from Nazis. The 2nd New Zealand Division continued its advance along Route 14 around the north coast of the Adriatic to Trieste.

On May, 1 of the same year Yugoslav (Slovene predominantly, with some Croat and Croatian Serb) partisans of Tito's army arrived and occupied parts of Trieste. They began to execute arrests against the Italian population and even against the Italian democratic resistance force, the CLN. (see Foibe massacres)

The Yugoslavs quickly began forming their own (Communist) military administration. On May 5, the Yugoslavs fired on a pro-Italian demonstration, killing at least five people. The Trieste-region Allied Military Government responded with "show of force" actions that disarmed the partisan detachments, at least in the city. Yugoslav troops had to leave the city on June 12.

In 1947, Trieste became an independent state as the Free Territory of Trieste. This state was de facto dissolved in 1954: the city of Trieste went to Italy, while the southern part of the territory went to Yugoslavia. The annexation to Italy was officially proclaimed on October 26 of that year.

The border questions with Yugoslavia and the status of the ethnic minorities were settled definitively in 1975 with the Treaty of Osimo. Image:Triestecathedral2.jpg Image:Trieste Serb-orthodox church of San-Spiridione3.jpg Image:Schloss miramare.jpg Image:Trieste Town Hall.jpg

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Places of interest

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Castle

  • Castello di Miramare
  • Castle of San Giusto (from 1368 to 1630)
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Churches

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Archaeological remains

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Others

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Literature

Many famous writers lived and created their major works in Trieste.

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Italian writers

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German writers

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Slovenian writers

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Other writers

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Other famous people

  • Vittorio Vidali (aka Enea Sormenti, Jacobo Hurwitz Zender, Carlos Contreras), assassin.
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See also

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External links

Template:Commonsar:ترييستي bs:Trst bg:Триест cs:Terst de:Triest es:Trieste eo:Triesto fr:Trieste fur:Triest hr:Trst id:Trieste it:Trieste he:טריאסטה la:Tergeste lt:Triestas hu:Trieszt nl:Triëst (stad) ja:トリエステ pl:Triest pt:Trieste ro:Trieste ru:Триест scn:Triesti sl:Trst sr:Трст sh:Trst fi:Trieste sv:Trieste tr:Trieste vec:Trieste

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