Project Nike

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Image:NIKE Zeus.jpg Project Nike was a US Army project, proposed in May 1945 by Bell Labs, to develop a line-of-sight anti-aircraft missile system. The project delivered the world's first operational anti-aircraft missile system in 1953, the Nike Ajax. A huge number of the technologies and rocket systems used to develop the Nike Ajax were re-used in a number of roles, many of which gained the "Nike" name (after Nike, the goddess of victory from Greek mythology). The missile's first-stage solid rocket booster became the basis for everything from the Nike Hercules missile to NASA's Nike Smoke rocket, used for upper-atmosphere research.

1 History
2 Specifications
3 Project Legacy
4 Nike as sounding rocket
5 See also
6 External links
7 References

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History

Project Nike began in 1944 when the US military demanded a new defense system to combat the potential new jet aircraft, as existing gun-based systems proved completely incapable of dealing with the speeds and altitudes at which such planes operated. Two proposals were accepted. Bell Labs developed the WWII German Wasserfall missile for line-of-sight interceptions as Project Nike. A much longer-ranged collision-course system was developed by General Electric as Project Thumper, eventually delivering the BOMARC missile.

Wasserfall had been designed to attack B-17 bombers flying at about 175 mph (280 km/h) at 25,000 ft (7,600 m). For this role its supersonic speed allowed it to be aimed directly at the target. The differences between the missile's line-of-flight and the bomber would be so small by the time it arrived that "lead" was not required. For daytime intercepts a manual radio control system was used (MCLOS guidance). At night a system flew the missile in the detection beam, which it "rode" to intercept. The high speed did present problems. It would be difficult for the operator on the ground to know when to trigger the warhead, and the high speed meant that precise timing was needed or the missile would be too far away to be effective. Several proximity fuzes were developed for Wasserfall, but none were truly ready for service when the war ended.

Bell's proposal was more complex than Wasserfall due to the increased speeds of the intended targets. Nike would have to deal with bombers flying at 500 mph (800 km/h) or more at altitudes of up to 60,000 ft (20,000 m). At these speeds, even a supersonic rocket like the Wasserfall is no longer fast enough to be simply aimed at the target. The missile must "lead" the target to ensure it hits it before it runs out of fuel. This means that the missile and target cannot be tracked in a single radar, increasing the complexity of the system. One part was well developed. By this point, the US had considerable experience with lead-calculating analog computers, starting with the British Kerrison Predictor and a series of increasingly capable U.S. designs.

For Nike, three radars were used. The acquisition radar searched for a target to be handed over to the Target Tracking Radar (TTR) for tracking. The Missile Tracking Radar (MTR) tracked the missile by way of a transponder, as the missiles radar signature alone was not sufficient. The MTR also commanded the missile by way of Pulse-position modulation, the pulses were recived, decoded and then amplfied back for the MTR to track. Once the tracking radars were locked the system was able to work automaticaly folowing launch, barring any unexpected occurrences. The computer compared the two radars directions, along with information on the speeds and distances, to calculate the intercept point and steer the missile. The entirety of this system was provided by the Bell System's electronics firm, Western Electric.

Another key difference between Wasserfall and Nike was the missile itself. The Douglas-built missile was simpler. Advances in rocket design allowed the Nike design to be some 1/3rd the size of the Wasserfall, yet have better performance. The two stage missile had a solid fuel booster stage and a liquid fuelled (IRFNA/UDMH) second stage. The missile could reach a maximum speed of 1,000 mph (1,600 km/h), an altitude of 70,000 ft (21 km) and had a range of 25 miles (40 km). The missile contained an unusual three part payload, with explosive fragmentation charges at three points down the length of the missile to help ensure a fatal hit. The missile's limited range was seen by critics as a serious flaw, because it often meant that the missile had to be sited very close to the area it was protecting.

After bickering between the Army and the Air Force (see the Key West Conference), all longer-range systems were turned over to the Air Force in 1948. They merged their own long-range research with Project Thumper, while the Army continued to develop Nike. In 1950 the Army formed the Army Anti-Aircraft Command (ARAACOM) to operate batteries of anti-aircraft guns and missiles. ARAACOM was renamed the US Army Air Defense Command (USARADCOM) in 1957. It adopted a simpler acronym, ARADCOM, in 1961.

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Nike Ajax

The first successful Nike test was in November 1951, intercepting a drone B-17. The first type, Nike Ajax (MIM-3), were deployed starting in 1953. The Army initially ordered 1,000 missiles and 60 sets of equipment. They were placed to protect strategic and tactical sites within the US. As a last-line of defence from air attack, they were positioned to protect cities as well as military installations. The missile was first deployed at Fort Meade, Maryland in December, 1953. A further 240 launch sites were built up to 1962. They replaced 896 radar-guided anti-aircraft guns, operated by the National Guard or Army to protect certain key sites. This left a handful of 75 mm Skysweeper emplacements as the only anti-aircraft artillery remaining in use by the US. By 1957 the Regular Army AAA units had been replaced by missile battalions. In 1958 the Army National Guard began to replace their guns and adopt the Ajax system.

Each launch site had three parts, separated by at least 1,000 yards (914 m). One part (designated C) of about six acres (24,000 m²) contained the IFC (Integrated Fire Control) radar systems to detect incoming targets (acquisition and target tracking) and direct the missiles (missile tracking), along with the computer systems to plot and direct the intercept. The second part (designated L), around forty acres (160,000 m²), held underground missile magazines of four launch assemblies and included a safety zone. The site had a crew of 109 officers and men who ran the site continuously. One launcher would be on 15 minutes alert, two on 30 minutes and one on two hour alert. The third part was the administrative area (designated A), which was usually co-located with the IFC and contained the battery headquarters, barracks, mess, recreation hall, and motor pool. The actual configuration of the Nike sites differed depending on geography. Whenever possible the sites were placed on existing military bases or National Guard armories, otherwise land had to be purchased.

The Nike batteries were organized in Defense Areas and placed around population centers and strategic locations such as long-range bomber bases, nuclear plants, and (later) ICBM sites. The Nike sites in a Defense Area formed a ring around these cities and bases. There was no fixed number of Nike batteries in a Defense Area and the actual number of batteries varied from a low of two in the Barksdale AFB Defense Area to a high of 22 in the Chicago Defense Area. In the Continental United States the sites were numbered from 01 to 99 starting at the north and increasing clockwise. The numbers had no relation to actual compass headings, but generally Nike sites numbered 01 to 25 were to the northeast and east, those numbered 26 to 50 were to the southeast and south, those numbered 51 to 75 were to the southwest and west, and those numbered 76 to 99 were to the northwest and north. The Defense Areas in the Continental United States were identified by a one- or two-letter code which were related to the city name. Thus those Nike sites starting with C were in the Chicago Defense Area, those starting with HM were in the Homestead AFB/Miami Defense Area, those starting with NY were in the New York Defense Area, and so forth. As an example Nike Site SF-88L refers to the launcher area (L) of the battery located in the northwestern part (88) of the San Francisco Defense Area (SF).

In the early-to-mid 1960s the Nike Ajax batteries were upgraded to the Hercules system. The new missiles had greater range and destructive power, so about half as many batteries provided the same defensive capability. Regular Army batteries were either upgraded to the Hercules system or decommissioned. Army National Guard units continued to use the Ajax system through 1964, when they too upgraded to Hercules. Eventually, the Regular Army units were replaced by the National Guard as a cost saving measure, since the Guard units could return to their homes when off duty.

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Nike Hercules

Template:Main Even as Nike Ajax was being tested, work started on Nike-B, later renamed Nike Hercules (MIM-14). It improved speed, range and accuracy, and could intercept ballistic missiles. The Hercules had a range of about 100 miles (160 km), a top speed in excess of 3,000 mi/h (4,800 km/h) and a maximum altitude of around 100,000 ft (30 km). It had solid fuel boost and sustainer rocket motors. The boost phase was four of the Nike Ajax boosters strapped together. In the electronics, some vacuum tubes were replaced with more reliable solid-state components.

The missile also had an optional nuclear warhead to improve the probability of a kill. The W-31 warhead had a variable yield system offering 2, 20 or 40 kiloton detonations. However, the missile typically carried a non-nuclear explosive fragmentation warhead, the T-45. The fire control of the Nike system was also improved with the Hercules and included a surface-to-surface mode.

The Nike Hercules was deployed starting in June 1958. First deployed to Chicago, 393 Hercules ground systems were manufactured. By 1960 ARADCOM had 88 Hercules batteries and 174 Ajax batteries, defending 23 zones across 30 states. Peak deployment was in 1963 with 134 Hercules batteries.

The development of ICBMs decreased the value of the Nike air defense system. Beginning around 1965, the number of Nike batteries were reduced. Thule air defence was cut in 1965 and SAC base defence in 1966, reducing the number of batteries to 112. Budgetary cuts reduced that number to 87 in 1968, and 82 in 1969.

Nike Hercules was included in SALT I discussions as an ABM. Following the treaty signed in 1972, and further budget cuts, almost all Nike sites in the continental United States were deactivated by April, 1974. Some units remained active until the later part of that decade in a coast air defense role.

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Nike Zeus

Development continued, producing Improved Nike Hercules and then Nike Zeus A and B. Zeus, with a new 400,000 lbf (1.78 MN) thrust solid-fuel booster, was first test fired in August 1959 and demonstrated a top speed of 8,000 mi/h (12,875 km/h) but had certain deficiencies and was renamed Spartan in 1967. Production of the Zeus was deferred in 1961 and phased out in 1963 in favor of a specific ABM system initially designated Nike X but later renamed Sentinel.

Some small-scale work to use Nike Zeus as an anti-satellite weapon (ASAT) was carried out from 1962 until the project was cancelled in favor of Thor based systems in 1966. In the end, neither development would enter service. However, the Nike Zeus system did demonstrate a hit-to-kill capability against ballistic missiles in the early 1960s. See National Missile Defence and anti-ballistic missile systems.

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Specifications

Missile	Nike Ajax	Nike Hercules	Nike Zeus A	Nike Zeus B (XLIM-49A)	Spartan (LIM-49A)
Length	10.36 m overall 6.41 m second stage	12.53 m overall 8.18 m second stage	13.5 m	14.7 m	16.8 m
Diameter	0.30 m	0.80 m booster 0.53 m second stage	0.91 m	0.91 m	1.09 m
Fin span	1.22 m	3.50 m booster 1.88 m second stage	2.98 m	2.44 m	2.98 m
Mass	1,116 kg at launch 523 kg second stage	4850 kg at launch 2505 kg second stage	4980 kg	10300 kg	13100 kg
Maximum speed	Mach 2.25 (ca. 3,000 km/h)	Mach 3.65 (ca. 4 4700 km/h)	Mach 4 > (ca. 4 900 km/h)
Range	40 km	140 km	320 km	400 km	740 km
Ceiling	21,300 m	45,700 m	?	280 km	560 km
First stage	Solid-fuel (263 kN static thrust for 2.5 seconds)	Hercules M42 solid-fueled rocket cluster (4x M5E1 Nike boosters) 978 kN (220,000 lbf) total	Thiokol TX-135 1,800 kN (400,000 lbf)	Thiokol TX-135 2000 kN (450,000 lbf)	Thiokol TX-500 2200 kN (500,000 lbf)
Second stage	Liquid-fuel (11.6 kN static thrust for 21 seconds)	Thiokol M30 solid-fueled rocket 44.4 kN (10,000 lbf)	??	Thiokol TX-238	Thiokol TX-454
Third stage	n/a	n/a	n/a	Thiokol TX-239	Thiokol TX-239
Warhead conventional	3 warheads each surrounded with 2 layers of 1/4 in (6 mm) hardened steel cubes Nose: M2: 4.5 lb (2.0 kg) Composition B 12 lb (5.4 kg) total Mid-body: M3: 92 lb (42 kg) Comp. B, 176.8 lb (80.2 kg) total Aft: M4: 59 lb (27 kg) Comp B, 121.3 lb (55.0 kg) total	T-45 HE warhead weighed 1106 lb (500 kg) and contained 600 lb (272 kg) of HBX-6 M17 blast-fragmentation	n/a	n/a	n/a
Warhead nuclear	W-31 nuclear 2 kt (M-97) 20 kt (M-22) 40 kt (M-23)	W-31 nuclear	W-31 nuclear	W-50 (400 kt) thermonuclear	W-71 (5 Mt) thermonuclear

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Project Legacy

Leftover traces of the approximately 300 Nike missile bases can still be seen around cities across the country. As the sites were decommissioned they were first offered to Federal agencies. Many were already located on Army National Guard bases who continued to use the property. Others were offered to state and local governments while others were sold to school districts. The left-overs were offered to private individuals. Thus, many Nike sites are now municipal yards, communications and FAA facilities (the IFC areas), probation camps, and other uses. Several were completely obliterated and turned into parks. Some are now private residences. Only a few retain any integrity and preserve the history of the Nike project. There are also a few sites abroad, notably in Turkey and Greece.

Nike Site SF-88L, in Fort Barry (part of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area) across the Golden Gate from San Francisco, has been preserved as a Nike museum, complete with missiles (inert). This site was given intact to the National Park Service in 1974 after it was decommissioned for use as a legacy of the Nike program. It is open to the public on designated days; usually Wednesday to Friday, 12:30 to 3:30 pm. The SF-88L site has been restored by volunteers and National Park Service employees to the condition it was in the 1960s, complete with signage and various pieces of equipment such as the radars and control vans that would have been stationed on hills overlooking the site. One of the two missile magazines has been restored and has a working elevator and launch rail for the inert missiles.

Nike Site NY-56, located on the former Sandy Hook Proving Ground (now a part of the Gateway National Recreation Area) in New Jersey, has been preserved and is open to the public. The IFC area is open one weekend a month from April to October, the launcher area has occasional tours. The park currently owns three Ajax missiles and one Hercules. Every fall, the park holds a Cold War Day event.

The administrative area of Nike Site C-47 in Hobart, Indiana has been converted into a paintball field known as Blast Camp. The launcher area, located on private property, is not open to the public.

The IFC area of Nike Site C-32 in Porter, Indiana is being used as the administrative offices of the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore.

Nike Site Summit, located at Fort Richardson outside Anchorage, Alaska, while preserved, is currently off limits to the public.

Nike Site HM-69, located at the Everglades National Park in Florida, is undergoing renovation and is not yet open to the public.

The IFC area of Nike Site KC-60 in Gardner, Kansas is now the Nike Intermediate School in the Gardner Edgerton Unified School District.

The administrative area and part of the launcher area of Nike Site S-92 in Kingston, Washington is now the Spectrum Community School (alternative high school) and school-bus yard in the North Kitsap School District.

In Los Angeles, California, the stripped IFC area of Nike Site LA-96, on top of a mountain in the middle of the city, San Vicente Peak, has been turned into a Cold War memorial park. The LA-96 launcher area in Van Nuys has been stripped of its hydraulics, electrical equipment, etc. which were to be transported to Nike Site LA-43 at Whites Point, Fort MacArthur, on the Palos Verdes Peninsula. Unfortunately, the Los Angeles Department of Recreation and Parks made it impossible to complete this project. The Nike parts are still (as of March 1, 2006) at LA-96 and awaiting possible use elsewhere. Francis Gary Powers, Jr. has expressed interest in using some of the LA-96 parts at Nike Site W-64, in Lorton, Virginia. Foundations and other signs of Nike installations can still be found elsewhere across the area, including the Palos Verdes Peninsula and the San Gabriel Mountains.

Nike Site SF-91 on Angel Island in San Francisco Bay is in the very early stages of being explored for possible public display. This is an early Ajax-only site that was never converted to Hercules. The mountain between the launcher and the IFC was "notched" in three places to allow the Missile Tracking Radar to acquire the missile while sitting on the launcher.

The IFC area of Nike Site MS-20, located on 112th Street in Warren, Wisconsin, St. Croix County, is being used as a storage facility; the launcher area is privately owned. Most of the buildings have been destroyed.

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