List of state leaders in 1878
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State leaders in 1877 - Events of 1878 - State leaders in 1879 - State leaders by year
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Africa
- Ashanti Confederacy - Mensa Bonsu Kumaa, Asantehene (1874-1883)
- Burundi - Mwezi IV Gisabo, King of Burundi (1852-1908)
- Dahomey - Glele, King of Dahomey (1856-1889)
- Ethiopia - Yohannes IV, Emperor of Ethiopia (1871-1889)
- Liberia -
- Sokoto Caliphate
- Caliph - Mu'adh bin Bello, Sokoto Caliph (1877-1881)
- Grand Vizier - Abdullah bin Muhammad Fodiye, Sokoto Grand Vizier (c.1874-1886)
- Zanzibar - Barghash ibn Sa'id, Sultan of Zanzibar (1870-1888)
- Zulu - Cetshwayo kaMpande, King of the Zulu (1872-1884)
- Somalia - Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed, (2004)
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Asia
- Afghanistan - Shir Ali Khan, Emir of Afghanistan (1868-1879)
- Burma -
- Cambodia - Norodom, King of Cambodia (1860-1904)
- Champasak - Kham Suk, King of Champasak (1863-1900)
- China (Qing Dynasty) - Guangxu, Emperor of China (1875-1908)
- India -
- Monarch - Victoria, Empress of India (1876-1901)
- Viceroy - The Lord Lytton, Viceroy of India (1876-1880)
- Japan - Monarch - Meiji Emperor, Emperor of Japan (1867-1912)
- Korea (Joseon Dynasty) - Gojong, King of Joseon (1864-1907, Emperor after 1897)
- Luang Phrabang - Unkham, King of Luang Phrabang (1868-1895)
- Nepal - Surendra Bikram Shah Deva, King of Nepal (1847-1881)
- Oman - Turki bin Said, Sultan of Oman (1871-1888)
- Siam - Chulalongkorn (Rama V), King of Siam (1868-1910)
- Vietnam - Tu Duc, Emperor of Vietnam (1847-1883)
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Europe
- Andorra - Patrice Mac-Mahon, duc de Magenta (President of France) and Josep Caixal i Estradé (Bishop of Urgel), co-Princes (1873-1879 and 1853-1879)
- Austria-Hungary - Franz Joseph I, Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary (1848-1916)
- Minister-President of Austria - Prince Adolf Wilhelm Daniel von Auersperg, Minister-President of Austria (1871-1879)
- Minister-President of Hungary - Kálmán Tisza, Minister-President of Hungary (1875-1890)
- Bohemia - Franz Joseph I, King of Bohemia (1848-1916)
- Belgium
- Monarch - Léopold II, King of the Belgians (1865-1909)
- Cabinet Chief -
- Denmark
- Monarch - Christian IX, King of Denmark (1863-1906)
- Prime Minister - Jakob Brønnum Scavenius Estrup, Prime Minister of Denmark (1875-1894)
- France -
- President - Patrice Mac-Mahon, duc de Magenta, President of France (1873-1879)
- Prime Minister - Jules Dufaure, President of the Council (1877-1879)
- Germany -
- Monarch - Wilhelm I, German Emperor (1871-1888)
- Chancellor - Otto von Bismarck, Chancellor of Germany (1871-1890)
- see also List of German rulers in 1878
- Greece - George I, King of the Hellenes (1863-1913)
- Holy See -
- Italy
- Monarch -
- Prime Minister -
- Liechtenstein - Johann II, Prince of Liechtenstein (1858-1929)
- Luxembourg
- Monarch - William III, King of the Netherlands (1849-1890)
- Prime Minister - Félix de Blochausen, Prime Minister of Luxembourg (1874-1885)
- Monaco - Charles III, Prince of Monaco (1856-1889)
- Montenegro - Nicholas I, Prince of Montenegro (1860-1910/1918/1921)
- Moresnet
- Monarchs -
- Mayor - Joseph Kohl, Mayor of Moresnet (1859-1882)
- Netherlands -
- Monarch - William III, King of the Netherlands (1849-1890)
- Prime Minister - Jan Kappeyne van de Coppello, Chairman of the Dutch council of ministers (1877-1879)
- Norway - Oscar II, King of Norway (1872-1905)
- Portugal - Luis I, King of Portugal (1861-1889)
- Romania - Carol I, Prince of Romania (1866-1881/1914)
- Russia - Alexander II, Tsar of Russia (1855-1881)
- San Marino -
- Giuliano Belluzzi and Pietro Ugolini, Captains-General (1877-1878)
- Domenico Fattori and Marino Babboni, Captains-General (1878)
- Camillo Bonelli and Pietro Berti, Captains-General (1878-1879)
- Serbia - Milan II, Prince of Serbia (1868-1882/1889)
- Spain -
- Monarch - Alfonso XII of Spain, King of Spain (1875-1885)
- Prime Minister - Antonio Cánovas Del Castillo, Prime Minister of Spain (1874-1875, 1875-1879, 1879-1881, 1884-1885, 1890-1892, 1895-1897)
- Sweden - Kingdom of Sweden-Norway
- Monarch - Oscar II, King of Sweden (1872-1907)
- Prime Minister - Louis Gerhard De Geer, Prime Minister of Sweden (1876-1880)
- Switzerland - Karl Schenk, President of the Swiss Confederation (1878)
- United Kingdom -
- Monarch - Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom (1837-1901)
- Prime Minister - The Earl of Beaconsfield, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1868, 1874-1880)
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Middle East and North Africa
- Abu Dhabi - Zaid ibn Khalifa, Shaikh of Abu Dhabi (1855-1909)
- Egypt - Ismail, Khedive of Egypt (1867-1879)
- Morocco - Hassan I, Sultan of Morocco (1873-1894)
- Oman - Turki ibn Sa'id, Sultan of Oman (1871-1888)
- Ottoman Empire
- Monarch - Abd-ul-Hamid II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (1876-1909)
- Grand Vizier - Tunuslu Ibrahim Edhem Pasha, Ottoman Grand Vizier (1877- 1878 position discontinued)
- Chief Minister -
- Ahmed Hamdi Pasha, Chief Minister of the Ottoman Empire (1878)
- Ahmed Vefik Pasha, Chief Minister of the Ottoman Empire (1878)
- Mehmed Sadik Pasha, Chief Minister of the Ottoman Empire (1878)
- Mütercim Mehmed Rüstü Pasha, Chief Minister of the Ottoman Empire (1878)
- Mehmed Esad Saffet Pasha, Chief Minister of the Ottoman Empire (1878)
- Tunuslu Hayreddin Pasha, Chief Minister of the Ottoman Empire (1878-1879)
- Persian Empire - Nasir ed-Din, Shah of Persia (1848-1896)
- Tunis - Muhammad as-Sadiq, Bey of Tunis (1859-1882)
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North America and the Caribbean
- Canada
- Monarch - Victoria, Queen of Canada (1837-1901)
- Governor General -
- Prime Minister - John A. Macdonald, Prime Minister of Canada (1867-1891)
- Costa Rica - Tomás Guardia, Acting President of Costa Rica (1877-1880/1882)
- Dominican Republic -
- Buenaventura Báez, President of the Dominican Republic (1876-1878)
- Cesáreo Guillermo, President of the Dominican Republic (1878)
- Ignacio María González, President of the Dominican Republic (1878)
- People's Military Chiefs (1878)
- Jacinto del Rosario de Castro, acting President of the Dominican Republic (1878)
- Council of Secretaries of State (1878-1879)
- El Salvador - Rafael Zaldívar, President of El Salvador (1876-1885)
- Guatemala - Justo Rufino Barrios, President of Guatemala (1873-1885)
- Haiti - Pierre Théoma Boisrond-Canal, President of Haiti (1876-1879)
- Honduras - Marco Aurelio Soto, President of Honduras (1876-1883)
- Mexico - Porfirio Diaz, President of Mexico (1876-1880)
- Nicaragua - Pedro Joaquín Chamorro, President of Nicaragua (1875-1879)
- United States - Rutherford B. Hayes, President of the United States (1877-1881)
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South America
- Argentina - Nicolás Avellaneda, President of Argentina (1874-1880)
- Bolivia - Hilarión Daza, Provisional President of Bolivia (1876-1879)
- Brazil - Pedro II, Emperor of Brazil (1831-1889)
- Chile - Aníbal Pinto, President of Chile (1876-1881)
- Colombia -
- Ecuador - Ignacio de Veintemilla, Supreme Chief of Ecuador (1876-1878/1883)
- Paraguay -
- Peru - Mariano Ignacio Prado, President of Peru (1876-1879)
- Uruguay - Lorenzo Latorre, Provisional Governor of Uruguay (1876-1879)
- Venezuela -