February 23
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February 23 is the 54th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 311 days remaining, 312 in leap years.
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Events
- 1455 - Traditional date for the publication of the Gutenberg Bible, the first Western book printed from movable type.
- 1660 - Charles XI becomes King of Sweden.
- 1778 - American Revolution: Baron von Steuben arrives at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania to help to train the Continental Army.
- 1820 - Cato Street Conspiracy: A plot to murder all the British cabinet ministers is exposed.
- 1836 - The Siege of the Alamo begins in San Antonio, Texas.
- 1847 - Mexican-American War: Battle of Buena Vista - In Mexico, American troops defeat Mexican general Antonio López de Santa Anna.
- 1854 - The official independence of the Orange Free State is declared.
- 1861 - President-elect Abraham Lincoln arrives secretly in Washington, DC after an assassination attempt in Baltimore, Maryland.
- 1870 - Military control of Mississippi ends and it is readmitted to the Union.
- 1874 - Walter Winfield patents a game called "sphairistike", now more commonly called lawn tennis.
- 1883 - Alabama becomes the first U.S. state to enact an antitrust law.
- 1887 - The French Riviera is hit by a large earthquake, killing around 2,000.
- 1893 - Rudolf Diesel receives a patent for the diesel engine.
- 1898 - Émile Zola is imprisoned in France after writing "J'accuse", a letter accusing the French government of anti-Semitism and wrongfully placing Captain Alfred Dreyfus in jail.
- 1900 - In South Africa the Boers and British troops fight in the Battle of Hart's Hill.
- 1903 - Cuba leases Guantanamo Bay to the United States "in perpetuity".
- 1904 - For $10 million the United States gains control of the Panama Canal Zone.
- 1905 - Chicago, Illinois attorney Paul Harris and three other businessmen meet for lunch to form the Rotary Club, the world's first service club.
- 1909 - The Silver Dart makes the first powered flight in Canada and the British Empire.
- 1919 - Benito Mussolini forms the Fascist Party in Italy.
- 1927 - The Federal Radio Commission (later renamed the Federal Communications Commission) begins to regulate the use of radio frequencies.
- 1934 - Léopold III becomes King of Belgium.
- 1940 - World War II: Soviet Union troops conquer Lasi Island.
- 1941 - Plutonium was first produced and isolated by Dr. Glenn T. Seaborg.
- 1945 - World War II: During the Battle of Iwo Jima, a group of United States Marines reach the top of Mount Surabachi on the island and are photographed raising the American flag. The photo would later win a Pulitzer Prize.
- 1945 - World War II: The capital of the Philippines, Manila, is liberated by American forces.
- 1945 - World War II: Capitulation of German garrison in Poznan, city is liberated by Soviet and Polish forces.
- 1945 - World War II: The German town of Pforzheim is completely destroyed by a raid of 379 British bombers.
- 1947 - International Organization for Standardization(ISO) is founded.
- 1954 - The first mass vaccination of children against polio begins in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
- 1955 - First meeting of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO).
- 1955 - Edgar Faure becomes Prime Minister of France.
- 1956 - In a cosmic event known as the great flare, the Earth was bombarded with a burst of protons and other nuclei from a solar flare.
- 1957 - The founding congress of the Senegalese Popular Bloc is opened in Dakar.
- 1958 - Cuban rebels kidnap 5-time world driving champion Juan Manuel Fangio.
- 1966 - A military coup in Syria replaces the previous government.
- 1974 - The Symbionese Liberation Army demands $4 million more to release kidnap victim Patty Hearst.
- 1975 - In response to the energy crisis, daylight saving time commences nearly two months early in the United States.
- 1980 - Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini states that Iran's parliament would decide the fate of the American embassy hostages.
- 1981 - 23-F, Antonio Tejero attempts a coup d'état by capturing the Spanish Congress of Deputies.
- 1983 - The Spanish Socialist government of Felipe González and Miguel Boyer nationalizes Rumasa, a holding of José María Ruiz Mateos.
- 1983 - The Environmental Protection Agency announces its intent to buy out and evacuate the dioxin-contaminated community of Times Beach, Missouri.
- 1987 - A supernova is seen in the Large Magellanic Cloud (see Supernova 1987a).
- 1991 - Gulf War: Ground troops cross the Saudi Arabia border and enter Iraq, thus starting the ground-phase of the war.
- 1991 - In Thailand, General Sunthorn Kongsompong leads a bloodless coup d'état, deposing Prime Minister Chatichai Choonhavan.
- 1992 - The Socialist Labour Party is founded in Georgia.
- 1995 - The Dow Jones Industrial Average gains 30.28 to close at 4,003.33, closing above 4,000 for the first time.
- 1997 - A large fire occurs in the Russian Space station, Mir.
- 1998 - Tornadoes in central Florida destroy or damage 2,600 structures and kill 42.
- 1998 - Osama bin Laden publishes a fatwa declaring jihad against all Jews and Crusaders.
- 1999 - Kurdish rebel leader Abdullah Öcalan is charged with treason in Ankara, Turkey.
- 1999 - An avalanche destroys the Austrian village of Galtür, killing 31.
- 2005 - Slovakia Summit 2005 begins, marking the first occasion when a sitting American President visits Slovakia; Bush and Putin are in attendance.
- 2006 - Initial D Street Stage is released in Japan for the PlayStation Portable console.
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Births
- 1417 - Pope Paul II (d. 1471)
- 1633 - Samuel Pepys, English diarist (d. 1703)
- 1646 - Tokugawa Tsunayoshi, Japanese shogun (d. 1709)
- 1648 - Arabella Churchill, English mistress of James II of England (d. 1730)
- 1680 - Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville, French colonizer and Governor of Louisiana (d. 1767)
- 1685 - Georg Friederich Händel, German composer (d. 1759)
- 1688 - Queen Ulrika Eleonora of Sweden (d. 1741)
- 1723 - Richard Price, Welsh philosopher (d. 1791)
- 1743 - Mayer Amschel Rothschild, German-born banker (d. 1812)
- 1840 - Carl Menger, Austrian economist (d. 1921)
- 1868 - W.E.B. DuBois, American civil rights leader (d. 1963)
- 1873 - Liang Qichao, Chinese scholar (d. 1929)
- 1874 - Konstantin Päts, Estonian president (d. 1956)
- 1878 - Kazimir Malevich, Ukrainian painter and art theorist (d. 1935)
- 1883 - Victor Fleming, American director (d. 1949)
- 1883 - Karl Jaspers, German philosopher (d. 1969)
- 1889 - Musidora, French actress and director (d. 1957)
- 1899 - Erich Kästner, German writer (d. 1974)
- 1904 - William L. Shirer, American historian (d. 1993)
- 1904 - Leopold Trepper, Soviet spy (d. 1982)
- 1908 - William McMahon, twentieth Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1988)
- 1914 - Theofiel Middelkamp, Dutch cyclist (d. 2005)
- 1915 - Jon Hall, American actor (d. 1979)
- 1915 - Paul Tibbets, American pilot
- 1918 - Richard G. Butler, American fascist (d. 2004)
- 1924 - Allan McLeod Cormack, South-African born physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1998)
- 1928 - Vasili Lazarev, cosmonaut (d. 1990)
- 1932 - Majel Barrett, American actress
- 1937 - Tom Osborne, American football coach and politician
- 1938 - Diane Varsi, American actress (d. 1992)
- 1940 - Peter Fonda, American actor
- 1943 - Fred Biletnikoff, American football player and coach
- 1944 - Johnny Winter, American musician
- 1945 - Allan Boesak, South African activist
- 1951 - Ed Jones, American football player
- 1951 - Patricia Richardson, American actress
- 1952 - Brad Whitford, American musician (Aerosmith)
- 1954 - Viktor Yushchenko, President of Ukraine
- 1955 - Howard Jones, British pop singer
- 1958 - Tony Barrell, English writer and journalist
- 1958 - David Sylvian, English musician
- 1959 - Richard Dodds, British field hockey player
- 1960 - Alan Griffin, Australian politician and member for Bruce in the House of Representatives
- 1963 - Bobby Bonilla, former baseball player
- 1965 - Kristin Davis, American actress
- 1965 - Michael Dell, American computer manufacturer
- 1965 - Helena Suková, former Czech tennis player
- 1973 - André Tanneberger, German DJ
- 1974 - Jaime Villarreal, Mexican musician
- 1974 - Leko, American DJ
- 1977 - Kristina Šmigun, Estonian cross-country skier
- 1978 - Dan Snyder, Canadian hockey player (d. 2003)
- 1981 - Gareth Barry, English footballer
- 1983 - Mido, Egyptian footballer
- 1994 - Dakota Fanning, American child actress
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Deaths
- 1100 - Emperor Zhezong of China (b. 1077)
- 1270 - Saint Isabel of France, daughter of Louis VIII of France (b. 1225)
- 1447 - Pope Eugenius IV (b. 1383)
- 1447 - Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester (b. 1390)
- 1464 - Zhengtong, Emperor of China (b. 1427)
- 1526 - Diego Colón, Spanish Viceroy of the Indies
- 1554 - Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Suffolk, English poltician (executed)
- 1572 - Pierre Certon, French composer
- 1603 - Andrea Cesalpino, Italian philosopher, physician, and botanist (b. 1519)
- 1669 - Leo Aitzema, Dutch historian and statesman (b. 1600)
- 1704 - Georg Muffat, French composer (b. 1653)
- 1730 - Pope Benedict XIII (b. 1649)
- 1766 - Stanislaw Leszczynski, King of Poland (b. 1677)
- 1781 - George Taylor, American signer of the Declaration of Independence
- 1792 - Joshua Reynolds, English painter (b. 1723)
- 1800 - Joseph Warton, English literary critic (b. 1722)
- 1821 - John Keats, English poet (b. 1795)
- 1848 - John Quincy Adams, 6th President of the United States (b. 1767)
- 1855 - Carl Friedrich Gauss, German mathematician, astronomer, and physicist (b. 1777)
- 1865 - Keisuke Yamanami, Japanese military leader (b. 1833)
- 1879 - Albrecht Graf von Roon, Prime Minister of Prussia (b. 1803)
- 1897 - Woldemar Bargiel, German composer (b. 1828)
- 1908 - Johannes Friedrich August von Esmarch, German surgeon (b. 1823)
- 1922 - Albert Victor Bäcklund, Swedish physicist (b. 1845)
- 1930 - Horst Wessel, Nazi ideologue and composer (b. 1907)
- 1934 - Edward Elgar, English composer (b. 1857)
- 1948 - John Robert Gregg, Irish-born publisher and inventor (b. 1866)
- 1955 - Paul Claudel, French poet and playwright (b. 1868).
- 1965 - Stan Laurel, American actor and comedian (b. 1890)
- 1969 - King Saud of Saudi Arabia (b. 1902)
- 1973 - Dickinson W. Richards, American physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1895)
- 1974 - Harry Ruby, American composer and writer (b. 1895)
- 1979 - W.A.C. Bennett, Canadian politician (b. 1900)
- 1990 - José Napoleón Duarte, President of El Salvador (b. 1925)
- 1995 - Melvin Franklin, American singer (The Temptations) (b. 1942)
- 1995 - James Herriot, English writer (b. 1916)
- 1997 - Tony Williams, American jazz drummer (b. 1945)
- 2000 - Ofra Haza, Israeli singer (b. 1957)
- 2000 - Stanley Matthews, English footballer (b. 1915)
- 2003 - Robert K. Merton, American sociologist (b. 1910)
- 2004 - Vijay Anand, Indian film director (b. 1934)
- 2004 - Carl Anderson, American singer (b. 1945)
- 2004 - Sikander Bakht, Governor of Kerala (b. 1918)
- 2004 - Don Cornell, American singer (b. 1919)
- 2004 - Carl Liscombe, Canadian hockey player (b. 1915)
- 2006 - Benno Besson, Swiss actor and film director (b. 1922)
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Holidays and observances
- Roman Empire - Terminalia held in honor of Terminus.
- Guyana - Mashramani-Republic Day.
- Russia - Day of Motherland's Defender (formerly Red Army Day or Day of Soviet Army and Navy).
- Brunei - National Day.
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Liturgical feasts
- Catholicism - Feast day of Saint Polycarp of Smyrna (died 155)
- Saint Lazarus (d.867)
- Saint Milburga
- Blessed odilia of Mombeek
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External links
February 22 - February 24 - January 23 - March 23 -- listing of all days
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