Colchester

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Template:Cleanup-date Template:Otherplaces Template:Infobox England place with map Colchester is a town and is the main settlement of the Essex borough of Colchester in the East of England.

It has a population of 104,390 and, as the oldest recorded Roman town, makes claim to be the oldest town in Britain.

Colchester is located 54 miles (87 km) north east of London and is connected to the capital by the A12 road and the Great Eastern Main Line.

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History

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Roman Colchester

Colchester has claim to be the oldest recorded Roman town in Britain. Its Celtic name was . "Camulodunon", meaning "the Fortress of (the war god) Camulos". This name was modified to the Roman spelling of "Camulodunum". Following the Roman conquest of Britain in AD43, a Roman legionary fortress was established at Colchester. Later, when the Roman frontier moved north (c. AD49), Colchester became a colonia known as Colonia Claudia Victricensis. Colchester served as the first Roman capital of Britain before it was moved to London. Roman Colchester was attacked and destroyed during Boudica's rebellion in AD61.

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Sub-Roman and Saxon Colchester

Sub-Roman Colchester was named Caer Camulod and remained in Romano-British hands into the middle of the 6th Century. After the Anglo-Saxon conquest the ruined city lay within the borders of the Saxon Kingdom of Essex. The name “Colchester” dates from the Saxon period.

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Medieval Colchester

Image:Colchester Castle.jpg Medieval Colchester's main landmark is Colchester Castle, which is an 11th century Norman keep, and built atop the vaults of the old Roman temple. There are notable medieval ruins in Colchester, including the surviving gateway of the Benedictine abbey of St. John the Baptist (know locally as "St. John's Abbey”), and the ruins of the Augustinian priory of St. Botolph (known locally as “St. Botolph's Priory").

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Royal charter

In 1189, Colchester was granted its first Royal Charter by King Richard I (Richard the Lionheart.) The charter was granted at Dover with the King about to embark on one of his many journeys away from England. The borough celebrated the 800th anniversary of its charter in 1989 [1].

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Tudor Colchester “The Dutch Quarter”

Between 1550 and 1600, a large number of weavers and clothmakers from Flanders emigrated to Colchester and the surrounding areas where they were affectionately referred to as the 'Dutch'. They were famed for the production of Bays and Says cloth. An area in Colchester town centre is still known as the Dutch Quarter and many buildings there date from the Tudor period. During this period Colchester was one of the most prosperous wool towns in England.

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English Civil War “The Siege of Colchester”

In 1648, during the later period of the English Civil War, a Royalist army led by Sir Charles Lucas and Sir George Lisle entered the town. A pursuing Parliamentary army led by Sir Thomas Fairfax and Henry Ireton besieged the town for eleven and a half weeks. The Royalists surrendered in the late summer and their leaders Lucas and Lisle were executed in the grounds of Colchester Castle.

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Victorian Colchester

Colchester is noted for its Victorian architecture. Significant landmarks include the Colchester Town Hall and the Jumbo Water Tower. In 1884, Colchester suffered an earthquake that is estimated to have been 5.2 on the Richter Scale.

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Colchester Army Garrison

Template:Main Colchester has been an important military garrison since the Roman era. The Colchester Garrison is currently home to 16 Air Assault Brigade.

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Colchester Town Watch

Colchester Town Watch [2] was founded in 2001 to provide a ceremonial guard for the Mayor of Colchester and for civic events such as the Oyster Feast. The historic re-enactors wear a livery based on late Elizabethan dress, and is in the town colours of red and green.

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Paxman Diesels

The Paxman diesels business has been associated with Colchester since 1865 when James Noah Paxman founded a partnership with the brothers Henry and Charles Davey ('Davey, Paxman, and Davey') and opened the Standard Ironworks. In 1925 Paxman produced its first spring injection oil engine and joined the English Electric Diesel Group in 1966 - later becoming part of the GEC Group. Since the 1930s the Paxman company's main business has been the production of diesel engines.

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Politics

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The Member of Parliament for the Colchester is Bob Russell (LibDem). The Mayor of Colchester is Councillor Terry Sutton (LibDem).

Colchester Borough Council is the local authority. Control of the borough council has passed between Tories and LibDems in recent years. The political composition of the council was (2004 election results):

The town is also represented on Essex County Council. Individual villages within the borough boundaries are also represented by parish councils.

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Tourism

Colchester has a vibrant tourist industry and attracts many visitors because of its history and its architecture.

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Museums

  • Colchester Castle Museum: located in the Colchester Castle, features an extensive exhibit on Roman Colchester.
  • Hollytrees Museum: located close to the castle, formerly the home of Charles Gray, currently a social history museum with children exhibits.
  • Natural History Museum: located across from the Castle Park gates and Hollytrees, the museum is located in the former All Saints Church.
  • Tymperlys Clock Museum: located in the historic town centre, in a 15th Century timber-framed house, once home to William Gilberd, now houses the Bernard Mason clock collection.
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Arts

  • Mercury Theatre: opened in 1972, the Mercury Theatre is one the the region's leading repertory theatres. [3]
  • Colchester Arts Centre: multi-function arts venue located in the former St Mary-at-the-Walls church, home of the Colchester Beer Festival. [4]
  • firstsite: the town's main art gallery, firstsite is one of the leading contemporary art venues in the country.
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Sports

  • Colchester United: the Layer Road ground is home to Colchester United football club.
  • Colchester Leisure World: swimming & fitness facilities, exhibition hall.
  • Athletics Stadium: the Colchester Garrison Athletics Stadium is a co-operative facility jointly used by the Army and the Town.
  • Colchester Cricket: the Colchester & East Essex Cricket Club has its grounds in a picturesque setting below the Castle Park. The Essex County Cricket Club plays a series of games at Colchester during the summer.
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Nearby Attractions

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Twin Towns

Colchester is twinned with Wetzlar in Germany (since 1969), Avignon in France (since 1972), and Imola in Italy (since 1997). Colchester competes in the Twin Town Games against Wetzlar, Avignon, Orleans, Tarragona, and Siena.

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Education

Colchester is home to many secondary schools including two grammar schools, the Colchester Royal Grammar School for boys and Colchester County High School for Girls both of whom score highly in the league tables due to their outstanding GCSE and A-Level results.

The town also has the Colchester Sixth Form College which offers a wide range of subjects at AS and A-level as well as other more unusual subjects at GCSE or equivalent level. This is complemented well by the Colchester Institute which covers many practical and day release courses as well as some of the more academic ones.

The University of Essex is located in a parkland setting on the edge of Colchester, close to the town of Wivenhoe.

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Higher Education

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Secondary Schools

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Independent (Private) Schools

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References in literature

The Roman historian Tacitus mentions Colchester (Camulodunum) in The Annals of Imperial Rome. In the Chapter Nero and his helpers he describes how '...the Roman ex-soldiers...had recently established a settlement at Camulodunum', later burned down in the Iceni rebellion. Geoffrey of Monmouth describes Colchester as the site of the legendary kingdom of Camelot, due to the similarity of its Roman name.

It is the only town in Britain to have been explicitly mentioned in George Orwell's novel Nineteen Eighty-Four as being the target of a nuclear attack.

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Colchester in Popular Culture

Local legend places Colchester as the seat of King Cole (or King Coel) of the rhyme Old King Cole, an Ancient King of Briton, the name Colchester means Cole's Castle in Latin. In the legend, Helena, the daughter of Cole, married the Roman senator Constantius Chlorus who had been sent by Rome as an ambassador, and was named as Cole's successor. Helena's son became Emperor Constantine the Great. Helena was cannonised as Saint Helena of Constantinople and is credited with finding the true cross and the remains of the Magi, she is the patron saint of Colchester. This is recognised in the emblem of Colchester, with a cross and three crowns, her statue is atop the town hall and can be seen from most of Colchester .

Colchester is also the most widely accredited source of the rhyme Humpty Dumpty. During the civil war Colchester was a Royalist stronghold, a Royalist sniper known as one-eyed-Thompson sat atop the church of St. Mary-at-the-walls (Humpty Dumpty sat on the wall) and had the nick-name Humpty Dumpty. Humpty Dumpty was shot down (Humpty Dumpty had a great fall). The town was lost to the Parliamentarians (all the king's horses and all the king's men, couldn't put Humpty together again.) The Church of St. Mary can still be seen to be a Norman church tower until the top few feet which is a Georgian repair.

Colchester has also been cited as one of the potential sites of Camelot. This comes from the fact it was the capital of Roman England and its ancient name was Camulodunon (the theory being this has become Camelod and then Camelot over time).

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Famous Colcestrians

People of note that were born or have lived in Colchester include:

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See also

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External links

de:Colchester fr:Colchester no:Colchester, England pl:Colchester simple:Colchester sv:Colchester

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