July 4
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July 4 is the 185th day of the year (186th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 180 days remaining. The phrase "Fourth of July" has acquired widespread significance in American culture as a reference to the Independence Day celebration in the United States and that celebration's many cultural accoutrements.
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Events
- 993 - Saint Ulrich of Augsburg canonized.
- 1054 - A supernova is observed by the Chinese and Amerindians near the star ζ Tauri. For several months it remains bright enough to be seen during the day. Its remnants form the Crab Nebula.
- 1187 - Saladin defeats Guy of Lusignan, King of Jerusalem, at the Battle of Hattin.
- 1584 - Sir Walter Raleigh first sees the coast of North Carolina
- 1636 - City of Providence, Rhode Island forms.
- 1712 - 12 slaves are executed in New York for starting an uprising that killed 9 whites
- 1776 - American Revolutionary War: The Continental Congress approves a Declaration of Independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain.
- 1802 - At West Point, New York the United States Military Academy opens.
- 1803 - The Louisiana Purchase is announced to the American people.
- 1810 - The French occupy Amsterdam.
- 1817 - At Rome, New York, United States, construction on the Erie Canal begins.
- 1826 - Fiftieth anniversary of the Declaration of Independence, on which John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, two of the Founding Fathers of the United States of America, died.
- 1827 - Slavery is abolished in New York State.
- 1837 - Grand Junction Railway, world's first long-distance railway, opens between Birmingham and Liverpool.
- 1838 - The Iowa Territory is organized.
- 1840 - The Cunard Line's 700 ton wooden paddle steamer RMS Britannia departs from Liverpool bound for Halifax, Nova Scotia on the first transatlantic passenger cruise.
- 1845 - Near Concord, Massachusetts, Henry David Thoreau embarks on a two-year experiment in simple living at Walden Pond (see Walden).
- 1855 - In Brooklyn, New York, the first edition of Walt Whitman's book of poems titled Leaves of Grass is published.
- 1859 - Franco-Piedmontese War: The Battle of Magenta.
- 1862 - Lewis Carroll tells Alice Liddell a story that would grow into Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and its sequels.
- 1863 - American Civil War: Battle of Vicksburg - Vicksburg, Mississippi surrenders to Ulysses S. Grant after 47 days of siege.
- 1865 - Alice's Adventures in Wonderland is published.
- 1881 - In Alabama, the Tuskegee Institute opens.
- 1892 - Western Samoa changes the International Date Line, so that year there were 367 days in this country, with two occurrences of Monday, July 4.
- 1894 - The short-lived Republic of Hawaii is proclaimed by Sanford B. Dole.
- 1910 - African-American boxer Jack Johnson knocks out white boxer Jim Jeffries in a heavyweight boxing match sparking race riots across the United States.
- 1918 - Ottoman sultan Mehmed VI ascends to the throne.
- 1918 - Bolsheviks kill Tsar Nicholas II of Russia and his family (Julian calendar date).
- 1927 - First flight of the Lockheed Vega.
- 1934 - Joe Louis wins his first professional boxing match.
- 1934 - Leo Szilard patents the chain-reaction design for the atomic bomb.
- 1939 - Lou Gehrig, recently diagnosed with Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, tells a crowd at Yankee Stadium that he considered himself "The luckiest man on the face of the earth" as he announces his retirement from major league baseball.
- 1941 - Mass murder of Polish scientists and writers, committed by Nazi Germans in captured Polish city of Lwów.
- 1946 - After 381 years of colonial rule, the Philippines is granted full independence by the United States.
- 1950 - First broadcast by Radio Free Europe.
- 1959 - With the admission of Alaska as the 49th U.S. state earlier in the year, the 49-star flag of the United States debuts in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
- 1960 - Due to the post-Independence Day admission of Hawaii as the 50th U.S. state on August 21, 1959, the 50-star flag of the United States debuts in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania almost ten and a half months later (see Flag Act).
- 1966 - President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Freedom of Information Act into United States law. The act goes into effect the next year.
- 1976 - Israeli commandos raid Entebbe airport in Uganda, rescuing all of the passengers and crew of an Air France jetliner seized by Palestinian terrorists.
- 1976 - The citizens of the United States celebrate their country's bicentennial.
- 1982 - Four Iranian diplomats kidnapped upon Israel's invasion of lebanon.
- 1987 - In France, former Gestapo chief Klaus Barbie (aka the "Butcher of Lyon") is convicted of crimes against humanity and is sentenced to life imprisonment.
- 1993 - The Argentine national football team defeats mexico to win the Copa América 1993 in Guayaquil.
- 1997 - NASA's Pathfinder space probe lands on the surface of Mars.
- 1998 - Lin "Spit" Newborn and Daniel Shersty are murdered by neonazis in the desert just outside Las Vegas.
- 2002 - Three people are shot at the El Al check-in booth at Los Angeles International Airport. The gunman is shot and killed by a security officer.
- 2002 - A Prestige Airlines cargo Boeing 707 crashes just short of the runway in Bangui, Central African Republic killing 25
- 2004 - The cornerstone of the Freedom Tower is laid on the site of the World Trade Center in New York City. (This was largely a symbolic event; actual construction would not start for several weeks)
- 2005 - The Deep Impact collider hits the comet Tempel 1.
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Births
- 1330 - Ashikaga Yoshiakira, Japanese shogun (d. 1367)
- 1546 - Murat III, Ottoman Sultan (d. 1595)
- 1694 - Louis-Claude Daquin, French composer (d. 1772)
- 1715 - Christian Fürchtegott Gellert, German poet (d. 1769)
- 1719 - Michel-Jean Sedaine, French dramatist (d. 1797)
- 1799 - King Oscar I of Sweden (Joseph François Oscar Bernadotte), French Napoleonic general (d. 1859)
- 1804 - Nathaniel Hawthorne, American writer (d. 1864)
- 1807 - Giuseppe Garibaldi, Italian patriot (d. 1882)
- 1826 - Stephen Foster, American songwriter (d. 1864)
- 1845 - Thomas Barnardo, Irish humanitarian (d. 1905)
- 1854 - Victor Babeş, Romanian bacteriologist (d. 1926)
- 1847 - James Anthony Bailey, American circus impresario (d. 1906)
- 1872 - Calvin Coolidge, 30th President of the United States (d. 1933)
- 1878 - George M. Cohan, American singer, dancer, composer, actor, and writer (d. 1942)
- 1881 - Ulysses S. Grant III, American soldier and planner (d. 1968)
- 1882 - Louis B. Mayer, American film producer (d. 1957)
- 1883 - Rube Goldberg, American cartoonist (d. 1970)
- 1896 - Mao Dun, Chinese writer (d. 1981)
- 1898 - Dr. Pilar Barbosa, Puerto Rican historian (d. 1997)
- 1900 - Louis Armstrong, American musician (d. 1971) (see article re. this date)
- 1902 - Meyer Lansky, Russian-born mobster (d. 1983)
- 1902 - George Murphy, American dancer, actor, and Senator from California (d. 1992)
- 1904 - Angela Baddeley, English actress (d. 1976)
- 1905 - Irving Johnson, American author and adventurer (d. 1991)
- 1910 - Gloria Stuart, American actress
- 1911 - Mitch Miller, American bandleader and television personality
- 1917 - Manolete, Spanish bullfighter (d. 1947)
- 1918 - Ann Landers, American advice columnist (d. 2002)
- 1918 - Pauline Phillips (Abigail Van Buren), American advice columnist and twin sister to Ann Landers
- 1920 - Leona Helmsley, American hotel operator and real estate investor
- 1920 - Norm Drucker, prominent National Basketball Association referee
- 1921 - Gerard Debreu, French-born economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2004)
- 1921 - Tibor Varga, Hungarian violinist and conductor (d. 2003)
- 1923 - Rudolf Friedrich, Swiss Federal Councilor
- 1924 - Eva Marie Saint, American actress
- 1926 - Alfredo Di Stefano, Argentinian footballer
- 1927 - Gina Lollobrigida, Italian actress
- 1927 - Neil Simon, American playwright
- 1929 - Bill Tuttle, baseball player
- 1930 - George Steinbrenner, baseball team owner
- 1931 - Stephen Boyd, Northern Irish actor (d. 1977)
- 1938 - Bill Withers, American singer and songwriter
- 1942 - Floyd Little, American football player
- 1943 - Konrad "Conny" Bauer, German jazz trombonist
- 1943 - Geraldo Rivera, American reporter and talk show host
- 1946 - Ron Kovic, American peace activist
- 1946 - Ed O'Ross, American actor
- 1948 - Tommy Körberg, Swedish singer
- 1951 - Kathleen Kennedy Townsend, American politician
- 1961 - Richard Garriott, English video game designer
- 1962 - Pam Shriver, American tennis player
- 1967 - Vinny Castilla, Mexican Major League Baseball player
- 1967 - Andy Walker, Canadian television personality
- 1973 - Gackt, Japanese singer
- 1974 - La'Roi Glover, American football player
- 1976 - Daijiro Kato, Japanese motorcycle racer
- 1979 - Martin Shearman-Brettle, English composer
- 1995 - María Isabel, Spanish singer
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Deaths
- 965 - Pope Benedict V
- 1187 - Raynald of Chatillon, Prince of Antioch (executed)
- 1541 - Pedro de Alvarado, Spanish explorer (b. 1495)
- 1603 - Philippe de Monte, Flemish composer (b. 1521)
- 1623 - William Byrd, English composer
- 1742 - Guido Grandi, Italian mathematician (b. 1671)
- 1754 - Philippe Néricault Destouches, French dramatist (b. 1680)
- 1761 - Samuel Richardson, English writer (b. 1689)
- 1780 - Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine, Austrian military leader (b. 1712)
- 1787 - Charles de Rohan, prince de Soubise, Marshal of France (b. 1715)
- 1821 - Richard Cosway, English artist (b. 1742)
- 1826 - John Adams 2nd President of the United States (b. 1735)
- 1826 - Thomas Jefferson, 3rd President of the United States (b. 1743)
- 1831 - James Monroe, 5th President of the United States (b. 1758)
- 1848 - François-René de Chateaubriand, French writer and diplomat (b. 1768)
- 1850 - William Kirby, English entomologist (b. 1759)
- 1857 - William L. Marcy, American statesman (b. 1786)
- 1881 - Johan Vilhelm Snellman, Finnish statesman (b. 1806)
- 1882 - Joseph Brackett, American religious leader and composer (b. 1797)
- 1891 - Hannibal Hamlin, U.S. Vice President (b. 1809)
- 1901 - Johannes Schmidt, German linguist (b. 1843)
- 1902 - Swami Vivekananda, Indian spiritual leader (b. 1863)
- 1905 - Élisée Reclus, French geographer and anarchist (b. 1830)
- 1910 - Giovanni Schiaparelli, Italian astronomer (b. 1835)
- 1916 - Alan Seeger, American war poet (b. 1888)
- 1926 - Pier Giorgio Frassati, Italian mountaineer (b. 1901)
- 1931 - Buddie Petit, American jazz cornetist
- 1934 - Maria Skłodowska-Curie, Polish-born scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in chemistry and physics (b. 1867)
- 1938 - Suzanne Lenglen, French tennis star (b. 1899)
- 1941 - Antoni Łomnicki, Polish mathematician (b. 1881)
- 1970 - Barnett Newman, American artist (b. 1905)
- 1971 - August Derleth, American writer and editor (b. 1909)
- 1975 - Georgette Heyer, English author (b. 1902)
- 1976 - Antoni Słonimski, Polish poet and writer (b. 1895)
- 1977 - Gersh Budker, Russian physicist (b. 1918)
- 1986 - Oscar Zariski, Russian mathematician (b. 1899)
- 1991 - Dr. Victor Chang, Australian physician (murdered) (b. 1936)
- 1992 - Astor Piazzolla, Argentinian composer (b. 1921)
- 1994 - Joey Marella, long-time World Wrestling Federation referee (b. 1964)
- 1995 - Eva Gabor, Hungarian-born actress (b. 1919)
- 1997 - Charles Kuralt, American television reporter (b. 1934)
- 2000 - Gustaw Herling-Grudzinski, Polish writer (b. 1919)
- 2002 - Benjamin O. Davis Jr., American general (b. 1912)
- 2003 - Barry White, American singer and record producer (b. 1944)
- 2004 - Jean-Marie Auberson, Swiss conductor (b. 1920)
- 2005 - Hank Stram, American football coach (b. 1923)
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Holidays and observances
- United States and Denmark - Independence Day (1776)
- Filipino-American Friendship Day
- In astronomy, the approximate date of Earth's aphelion.
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External links
July 3 - July 5 - June 4 - August 4 - more historical anniversaries
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