2nd millennium
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In the Gregorian calendar, the 2nd millennium commenced on 1 January 1001, and ended at the end of 31 December 2000. It is perhaps more popularly thought of as beginning and ending a year earlier, thus starting at the beginning of the year 1000.
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Events
- European crusades in Middle East
- Mongol Empires in Asia
- The Black Death
- The Renaissance in Europe
- The Protestant Reformation
- The agricultural and industrial revolutions
- The rise of nationalism and the nation state
- European discovery of the Americas and Australia and their colonization
- European colonization and decolonization in Africa and Asia
- Age of Enlightenment
- Industrial Revolution
- French Revolution
- Population explosion
- Modernism
- World-spanning wars (Seven Years' War, French Revolutionary Wars, Napoleonic Wars, World War I, World War II)
- Ideological disputes, Capitalism and Communism
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Some significant persons
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1000 - 1300
- Ferdowsi (935 – 1020), Persian poet
- Basil II (958 - 1025), Byzantine Emperor
- Murasaki Shikibu (973 – 1025), Japanese author
- Pierre Abélard (1079 - 1142), French philosopher
- Bhaskara (1114 - 1185), Indian mathematician, founder of differential calculus.
- Bernart de Ventadorn (c.1130 – c.1190), troubadour
- Maimonides (1135 - 1204), Jewish philosopher.
- Saladin (1137 - 1193), Kurdish Muslim leader
- Minamoto no Yoritomo (1147 – 1199), first Shogun of Japan
- Genghis Khan, (c. 1155/1162/1167 – 1227), Mongolian conqueror
- Jayavarman VII (c.1181 - c.1219) Khmer king (Cambodia)
- Thomas Aquinas (1225 – 1274), Italian theologian
- Dante Alighieri (1265 – 1321), Italian poet
- John Wycliffe (c. 1320 - 1384), English theologian and early proponent of reform in the Roman Catholic Church
- Mansa Musa (14th century), Malian leader
- Ibn Khaldun (1332 - 1406), Tunisian philosopher and historian
- Timur (1336 - 1405), founder of Timurid Empire
- Madhava of Sangamagrama (1350 - 1425), Indian mathematician, father of mathematical analysis.
- Yongle Emperor of China (1360 - 1424), considered among the greatest Chinese emperors.
- Jan Hus (1369 - 1415), Bohemian religious thinker and reformer.
- Zheng He (1371 - 1435), Chinese explorer.
- Johannes Gutenberg (c. 1398 – 1468), Inventor of movable type
- Joan of Arc (1412 - 1431), heroine of France and saint
- Lorenzo de' Medici (1492 - 1519) Italian statesman, poet and patron
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1500 - 1800
- Isabella of Castile (1451 - 1504) and Ferdinand II of Aragon (1452 - 1516) Spanish monarchs
- Christopher Columbus (1451 – 1506), Italian explorer
- Leonardo da Vinci (1452 – 1519), Italian Artist, Philosopher and Scientist
- Vasco da Gama (1469 - 1524), Portuguese navigator
- Nicolaus Copernicus (1473 – 1543), astronomer and mathematician
- Ferdinand Magellan (1480 - 1521), Portuguese explorer
- Raphael (1483 - 1520), Italian artist
- Babur (1483 – 1530), founder of India's Mughal Empire, descendant of Timur.
- Martin Luther (1483 – 1546), German religious reformer.
- Suleiman the Magnificent (1495 - 1566), Turkish sultan, poet, patron
- Jyeshtadeva (1500 – 1575), Indian mathematician and astronomer, writer of the world's first calculus text.
- Akbar (1542 – 1605), considered the greatest of the Mughal emperors
- Miguel de Cervantes (1547 – 1616), Spanish playwright and novelist
- Lope de Vega (1562 - 1635), Spanish playwright and poet
- Christopher Marlowe (1564 - 1593), English playwright and poet
- William Shakespeare (1564 – 1616), English playwright and poet
- Galileo Galilei (1564 – 1642), Italian scientist
- Jahangir (1569 – 1627), one of the greatest Mughal emperors
- Shah Jahan (1592 – 1666), one of the greatest Mughal emperors, builder of the Taj Mahal
- René Descartes (1596 – 1650), French philosopher and mathematician
- Pedro Calderón de la Barca (1600 - 1681), Spanish playwright and poet
- Molière (1622 - 1673), French playwright, actor and director
- John Locke (1632 - 1704), English philosopher
- Jean Racine (1639 - 1699), French playwright
- Isaac Newton (1642 – 1727), British scientist
- Bashō (1644 - 1694), Japanese poet
- Peter the Great (1672 - 1725) , Russian Tsar
- Voltaire (1694 - 1778), French philosopher
- Benjamin Franklin (1706 – 1790), American founding father and scientist
- David Hume (1711 - 1776), Scottish philosopher
- Denis Diderot (1713 - 1784), French philosopher
- Catherine the Great (1729 - 1796), Empress of Russia
- George Washington (1732 – 1799), First American president
- Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749 - 1832), German novelist, dramatist, poet, humanist, scientist, philosopher, politician
- Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756 – 1791), Austrian Composer
- Maximilien Robespierre (1758 – 1794) French Revolutionary Leader
- Friedrich Schiller (1759 - 1805), German poet, philosopher, historian, and dramatist.
- Hokusai (1760 - 1849), Japanese artist
- Byron (1788 - 1824), Anglo-Scottish poet
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19th century
- Thomas Jefferson (1743 – 1826), American founding father and president
- Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand (1754 - 1838), French politician
- Napoleon I of France (1769 – 1821), French conqueror and emperor
- Klemens Wenzel von Metternich (1773 - 1859), Austrian politician
- José de San Martín (1778 - 1850), Argentine military leader
- Simón Bolívar (1783 - 1830), South American revolutionary and politician
- Michael Faraday (1791 – 1867), British scientist and inventor
- Abraham Lincoln (1809 – 1865), American president
- Charles Darwin (1809 – 1882), British natural scientist
- Otto von Bismarck (1815 – 1898), German chancellor
- Karl Marx (1818 – 1883), German political philosopher
- Queen Victoria (1819 – 1901), Queen of the United Kingdom
- Louis Pasteur (1822 – 1895), French microbiologist and chemist.
- Claude Monet (1840 - 1926), French painter
- Friedrich Nietzsche (1844 – 1900), German philosopher
- Thomas Edison (1847 – 1931), Inventor
- Vincent van Gogh (1853 - 1890), Dutch painter
- Arthur Rimbaud (1854 – 1891), French poet, adventurer, explorer, businessman
- Sigmund Freud (1856 – 1939), Austrian psychoanalyst
- Nikola Tesla (1856 – 1943), Inventor
- Mangal Pandey (d. 1857), considered to be responsible for the Indian Mutiny
- Anton Chekov , (1860 - 1904), Russian playwright and author
- Henry Ford (1863 – 1947), Industrialist
- Mahatma Gandhi (1869 – 1948), Indian civil rights leader
- Henri Matisse (1869 – 1954), French artist
- Mustapha Kemal Atatürk (1881 - 1938), Turkish soldier, revolutionary and politician
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20th century
- Marie Curie (1867 - 1934), French physicist of Polish origin
- Vladimir Lenin (1870 – 1924), Soviet leader
- Winston Churchill (1874 – 1965), British prime minister
- Albert Einstein (1879 – 1955), German physicist
- Joseph Stalin (1879 – 1953), Soviet leader
- Pablo Picasso (1881 – 1973), Spanish artist
- Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882 – 1945), American president
- Adolf Hitler (1889 – 1945), German dictator
- Ho Chi Minh (1890 – 1969), Vietnamese leader
- Mao Zedong (1893 – 1976), Chinese revolutionary
- Walt Disney (1901 – 1966), American film producer and animator
- Bhagat Singh (1907 – 1931), one of the most famous martyrs of the Indian freedom struggle
- Ronald Reagan (1911 – 2004), American president
- Gamal Abdel Nasser (1918 - 1970, Egyptian leader
- Nelson Mandela (1918 - ), President of South Africa
- John Paul II (1920 – 2005), Pope of the Roman Catholic Church
- Martin Luther King, Jr. (1929 – 1968), American civil rights leader
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Inventions, discoveries, and introductions
- The Printing press
- Gunpowder
- The Steam engine
- The discovery of the scientific method
- Theory of evolution
- The discovery of genetics and DNA
- Calculus
- Human Flight
- Nuclear Power
- The transistor and electronics
- Space travel and mankind's first flight to the moon
- The internal combustion engine
- Capitalism and socialism
- The computer and the Internet
- Universal suffrage
- Quantum Physics
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Centuries and decades
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